'The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis\r'

' eightfold sclerosis (MS) is a malady which affects the nervous system, namely the soul and spinal cord. It causes damage the medullae sheath, the material that surrounds and protects nerve mobile phones (Marieb, 2012). This damage slows bolt d accept the process in which the brain relays messages to the equalizer of the body, leading to a variety of symptoms. roughly of the most jet include torture and numbness; fatigue; walking, balance, and coordination problems; bladder and catgut disfunction; vision problems; cognitive dysfunction; emotional changes and depression (National Multiple sclerosis Society, n. . ).\r\nThough the exact cause of MS is unknown, it’s widely thought to be an autoimmune affection. Autoimmune diseases arise from an active immune response of the body against substances and tissues ordinarily present in the body (Marieb, 2012). In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes or so take off of the bod y as a pathogen and attacks it. The disease affects women more than men, often beginning former(prenominal) between the ages of 20 to 40.\r\nRecently, a arena found that the relative incidence of MS appears to be utmoster in African American women than in caucasians, contradicting previous findings (Langer-Gould, Brara, Beaber, & Zhang, 2013). The disease is usually mild; however, some state lose the ability to write, speak and/or walk. No cause or remedial for MS has been found. It remains a swarthy disease with no known pathogen or even known determinants of its severity and origin.\r\n ternary recently published studies say that brininess may play a use of goods and services in MS and other autoimmune diseases, although no tuition has found a direct link between high salt intake and increased incidence of MS. On a more unexpended note, enquiryers in England have been investigating how the month of birth (May and November) affects the chances of having MS later in life. It’s thought that it could have something to do with climate, sunlight, and intake of vitamin D (Disanto et al. , 2013). Many of the medicines open for use by MS patients solely slow the progress of the disease.\r\nThe most common treatments involve interferons. Interferons are a theme of natural proteins (beta, alpha, gamma) that are produced by benignant cells in response to viral contagious disease and other stimuli (NMSS, n. d. ). The FDA has approved three treatments in the form of beta interferon called Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif. Beta interferon has been shown to dishonor the number of exacerbations and may slow the onward motion of forcible disability (National Institute of neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2012). When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less(prenominal) severe.\r\nA synthetic form of medulla oblongata basic protein, copolymer I, has also been approved and it has fewer side effects. For more severe or chronic cases, an immu nosuppressant treatment (mitoxantrone) has been approved. composition steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can abase the duration and severity of attacks in some patients. Spasticity, which can occur any as a sustained stiffness caused by increased muscle tone or as spasms that be and go, is usually tough with muscle relaxants and tranquilizers (NINDS, 2012).\r\nPatients can also divine service control symptoms through adequate physical activity and occupational therapy. Exercise, especially reach exercises, helps relieve stiffness and promote flexibility and mobility. With advances in the perceptiveness of the brain come advances towards developing a cure for Multiple sclerosis. Improved ability to create images of the upkeep brain and spinal cord, current understanding of the brains capacity for repair, and an overall accelerated curtilage of sweet discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain have lead to new therapeutic strategies.\r\nThes e strategies include gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and neuroprotection strategies (Joy & Johnston, 2001). Very recently, a biotechnology company developed a new MS drug based on peginterferon beta-1a. Studies of peginterferon beta-1a show that, when injected under the skin either every two or foursome weeks, reduced the relapse rate significantly more than placebo in a study of 1500 people with relapsing MS (Biogen Idec, 2013).\r\n myelin and the cells that make myelin, called oligodendrocytes, are the main steering of many MS studies. Scientists and medical research organizations (such as The Myelin Project) are laborious to find ways to stimulate myelin regeneration in patients by reveal the mechanisms involved in myelin regeneration. formerly discovered, they could eventually be translated to promising new therapeutic approaches to restore function in people with MS.\r\n'