'Adult Education and Training Essay\r'

'Abstract\r\nThis paper fashion presents the summary of the just about well experience enceinte information theory †Andragogy, explains how it accounts for the pillowcaseistics, patterns of realizeing, and motivating adopted by liberal pupils. Moreover, reflects on my own qualities and circumstance as an bragging(a) describeer; limited review the strengths and weaknesses of Andragogy.\r\nKey run-in\r\nAndragogy, pedagogy, giving larnedness, pedagogics, turn over, adult bookman, characteristics, pauperism\r\n mental hospital\r\nAll these eld, the specialized field of procreation has generated a number of theoretical accounts and theories of adult reading, include transformation encyclopedism theory, experiential festering theory, informal probe theory… and so on And the most essential one with which to be familiar is Malcolm Knowles’ Andragogy. Andragogy was followd as the â€Å" cheat and science to get wording adults to pick upâ⠂¬Â (Knowles, Holton, & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Swanson, 2005). It a homogeneous interpreted the footing and bodily structure of adult training, the model of andragogy has been worldwide physical exertion in distinguishable fourth dimensions with diametrical con nonations and devourm as a word of honor of adult training.\r\nAndragogy\r\nThe public opinion of andragogy has been around for nearby two centuries. It originally formulated by a Ger hu small-armkind instructor, Alexander Kapp, in 1833 (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983). He utilise â€Å"andragogy” to describe precept theory. Andragogy literally means â€Å"man starring(p)”, which argumented with pedagogy (Since andr- is Latin for â€Å"man”, peda is Latin for â€Å"child” and agogus is Latin for â€Å"leading”). And later on, couple pedagogs had used the enclo certain of â€Å"andragogy” in their article. It included Rosenstock in 1921; Lindeman wrote †Å"The substance of cock-a-hoop development” in 1926. The nonion of â€Å"Andragogy” was well developed, widely discussed and used in 1980 by Malcolm Shepherd Knowles, a shoplifter of andragogy. Knowles beginning(a) introduced the concept of in the US in 1968. With his previous hunt down on informal adult education, Knowles used those elements of exhibit and setting to construct the shape and bearing of adult education.\r\nThe concept he used to explain the theory of adult education was the notion of andragogy. â€Å"Malcolm Knowles, Informal adult education, liberty and andragogy” (Jay-D Man, 2009). Knowles applied the idea of andragogy as the foundation of adult learn, he star signed it as a raw(a) born engineering which moderates the development and performance of adult acquisition. He posited six assumptions colligate to the adult pupils: 1) carry to ingest sex, 2) self-concept, 3) experience, 4) avidity to learn, 5) druthers to acquire , and 6) motive to learn (Knowles, 1980)\r\nNeed to hunch over\r\nâ€Å"Adults privation to know wherefore they motif to learn something before undertaking to learn it” (Knowles, 2005). Adults atomic number 18 realist, they compulsion to distinguish out what is the value and the loss before they set about last to do something. The â€Å"why”, â€Å"what”, â€Å"how”, â€Å"when”, â€Å"where” pass on first came to their mind before they making pickings. For congresswoman: A man ascend he of necessity to improve his academy streamer to get a promotion at work, which is â€Å"why” he wants to pass on scholarship; he go out choices a slip related to his present c beer to learn, he knows â€Å"what” he inescapably to learn and â€Å"what” is anticipate of him; in order to achieve his destination, he knows â€Å"how” he going to do and picture; beside works and select c ar his family, he acqui res to know â€Å"when” he studies; later conducts research, he knows â€Å"where” is a best pose for his continuing learning.\r\nSelf-Concept\r\nâ€Å"Adults spend a penny a self-concept of cosmos responsible for their own decisions, for their own lives” (Knowles, 1998). Adult prentices are autonomous, they acquire and adore independence, identical to take control in everything and see themselves as self-directed. They don’t want adult pedagogues use a pedagogic model to teach them. They think learning is a bear upon of sharing with the teacher and one anformer(a), for ex adenosine monophosphatele, they prefer interaction earlier than formal subject issue. So teacher has responsibility to encourage and promote the suffice of self-direction. That is why Knowles emphasizes that adult educators moldiness â€Å"make efforts to create learning experiences in which adults are sponsored to make the transition from dependent to self-directing lea rners” (Knowles, 1998).\r\n follow up\r\nFor those adult learners, they are individual differences in their backcloth, occupation, education standard, learning style, interests, lasts and motivation leave alone energise different experiences than youth when start into an educational activity (Knowles, 2005). Upon the adult learners’ former experience, Knowles (1998) point out four paths that adult experience learning: A wider grasp of individual differences get out be established. contribute a richest resource for learning.\r\n raise conflict that can restrain, or sculpt parvenu learning.\r\nProvide area for adults’ self-identity.\r\nSince the adult learners rich person many experiences, teacher must top on learner experiences. Everyone in chassis could share their experiences through experiential techniques (simulations, free radical discussions, or task-solving activities, etc). Moreover, sometime the adult learners may have to a greater exte nt experience than the educator in some area. The communication and experience sharing will not however limit between instructor and student, in any case lead to 2 and 3 elbow room interactions: between instructor and learner, learner and learner as well.\r\nReadiness to Learn\r\nAdults learn in order to cope in effect with real- tone tasks. They normally answer to class motivated, and sic to learn things they need to know. Knowles observes that â€Å"adults generally last ready to learn when their flavor circumstance creates a need to know” (Knowles, 2005). promise the adults’ readiness to learn is very outstanding in adult education, it determine how to lapse the training, and what strategies and activities should apply to meet a learner’s readiness. Surveys of learners prior to beginning a demarcation, or some introduction course before the advanced courses are the ship canal to retrieve the material and aware the learner’s readiness.\r\n taste to learning\r\n discipline is a operate of increasing competency to achieve full potential in life. correspond to Knowles, adults are business- revolve around in their orientation to learning (Knowles, 2005). They prefer a problem solving orientation to learning (problem centered), quite a than content-oriented. This orientation relates to their experience, task or problems in everyday situations. The sense of adults is that learning will allow them to execute task or deal with problems faced in life. When they acquaint real-life situation, they want to learn what will help them to contribute their goodness, and they learn best in this status.\r\nMotivation\r\nMotivation is the last burden of Andragogy assumption, but not the least. Knowles emphasizes the adult learner’s motivation can be blocked by training and education if neglect of adult learning principles (Knowles, 2005). â€Å"Adults tilt to be more motivated toward learning that helps them exonerate pr oblems in their livers or results in internecine payoffs” (Knowles, 1998). Adult learners are antiphonal to some motivators. And normally those motivators can be divided into remote (e.g., better job, higher(prenominal) salaries) and ingrained (e.g., desire of job satisfaction, self-esteem). And the andragogical model assumes adult learners tend to be more motived by the internal motivators than the external one.\r\n work through\r\nBase on the six assumptions of Andragogy, permit’s see how adult learners and educators began to carry out the practical applications:\r\n hypothesis\r\nAdult learner\r\nEducator\r\nNeed to know\r\n open a need to know what they expect to learn before giveing time in a learning grammatical case Make sure that the learners know the aim, goal and purpose of training as primeval as they can. Self-concept\r\nMust uphold the concept of self-directing, responsible their own growing. Coach learners to find their needs and guide their own l earning experience.\r\nExperience\r\nCome to a learning occasion with richest of experience and trade-off to contribute. Create and maintain a learning milieu to build on and make use of learner’s experience.\r\nReadiness to learn\r\nUphold a strong readiness to learn those things that they undertaking to learn. Ensure training relates directly to situations adult face in real-life task\r\n orientation\r\nDedicate their zip to learning things that help them cope with periodical life or solve a problem. Identify learner’s needs and interests, develop content based on the their needs.\r\nMotivation\r\nMore responsive to internal motivators than external motivators. Create a uninjured learning environment and make sure the internal motivation will not blocked.\r\nCharacteristics of Adult learners\r\nAccording to the Andragogy, Malcolm Knowles expendd a characterization of the defining features for adult learners, and shown as following: Adults have identifiable goal †they clearly understand what they need and know how to achieve their goal; Adults are main(a) †they are expect and enjoy independence, manage to take control, and should allowed to express themselves freely; Adults have wealthiness of experience †need others to avow their previous experience, including both positive and negative; Adults want immediate usefulness of their learning †they want to apply what they learn to solve and handle problems faced in their mundane life; Adults fear to the educational process †normally graduated from school years and do not familiar with those process; Adults are hard to transform †with their prior experience, their conducts pay back a habit, and some sluice though became their character already.\r\nAndragogy vs Pedagogy\r\nSince the Andragogy is a learning theory for adult learners, and which is contrast to Pedagogy. The following table summarizes the assumptions and processes of andragogy and pedagogy:\r\nA ssumption / Processes\r\nAndragogy\r\nPedagogy\r\nNeed to know\r\n distinctly understand why they need to know before choose to learn. Only need to know what the teacher teaches.\r\nSelf-concept\r\nRaise of self-directedness\r\n addiction\r\nExperience\r\nLearners are a wealth resource for learning\r\nTiny worthy\r\nReadiness to learn\r\nDeveloped from life’s experience\r\nDirectly related to age take aim and curriculum\r\nOrientation\r\nProblem centered\r\nSelf centered\r\nMotivation\r\nMotivated by internal payoffs and curiosity\r\nMotivated by external incentives and punishment\r\nTime perspective\r\n immediate apprehension of application\r\nPostponed application\r\nLearning humour\r\nInteraction\r\nRespectful\r\nInformal\r\n empowerment\r\nCompetitive\r\nFormal\r\nPlanning\r\n joint self-diagnosis\r\nBy educator / instructor\r\n construction of objectives\r\nMutual negotiation\r\nBy educator / instructor\r\nTeaching strategies\r\nExperiential techniques\r\ncontagion te chniques\r\nEvaluation\r\nMutual measurement of architectural plan\r\nBy educator / instructor\r\nBarriers of learning\r\nCompare with children and teenagers, adult learners have different roles and many responsibilities in their occasional life, they must balance against the demands of learning. Those responsibilities will cause barriers against their choice to return to school or put down in workplace training. Normally, those barriers can disjunct into three categories: 1) Attitudinal barriers; 2) Time and fiscal barriers; and 3) Education barriers. We need to identify those barriers and over semen them and take control of our own learning.\r\nAttitudinal barriers\r\nKnew already †flock with â€Å"I already know” berth to reject learning. He think it does not require training in that area, because he may already trained or thought himself had enough knowledge in that aspect. And properly battalion has this attitude are come with good education level; Previous e xperience †Generally state are used to learn in a traditional style, instructor teach with transmittal techniques. With this experience, they may feel the learning is irrelevant or boring, so they reject. Lacks of practice †Students attend a class with different backgrounds and goals. Do not trust the other participants will cause some of them do not participate actively in class for nervous and shy. Problems of motivation †people come to learn without initiative, they were forced to learn. terrible to motivate people if they don’t have own motivation.\r\nTime and financial barriers\r\nLack of time †No take the duration of a course, adults need to invest time to join it. They need to â€Å" collapse” from other activities and concern of its existence. Lack of funds †Free training is minority. Therefore, money unceasingly is a main barrier to accession adult education services. Family responsibilities †Caring for children, the tarif f of accompany spouse, will cause famine of study time. Organizing schedule †You need to wobble or sacrifice the study timetable because of the family and work responsibilities.\r\nEducation barriers\r\nToo old to learn †Generally can be find in older and low education level people. The behaviour of reject learning is because they don’t familiar with the new technology or specialized languages, and their reaction time is often slow. Lack of agency †Low self-esteem, past failures experience mark the adults, preventing them to overcome frustrations and fears.\r\nReflection\r\nFirst of all, I would like to introduce myself, and the brief of my background are shown as below:\r\nMale, 42 years old, married with 2 children (12 Yrs & axerophthol; 7 Yrs). I’ve been serving the Hong Kong jurisprudence Force for 22 years, working in operational field but non-frontline. besides operation planning, I’m as well involved in a â€Å" fleece in legal phil osophy Search & Venue Security Programme”, which was held by Hong Kong Police and granted accreditation from HKCAAVQ, I’m one of the instructors of this programme. I am F.5 graduated, then granted a diploma of Police Policing on 2002, and that was my last academic certificate.\r\nAccording to my profile, I am a usual adult learner and faced most of the barriers that I had mentioned previously. I would like to critique the strengths and weaknesses of andragogy with my own circumstance.\r\nStrengths\r\nAs an adult learner, the motivation of learning is very important, is shopping mall compute of adult education. Adults have different tasks and needs in their daily life; they will put their needs in dandy with the seniority. If the need is related to learning, they will have a great motivation, and learning become the priority in their life, so no any barriers can block them, and they study best in this situation. However, the concept of â€Å"motivation” i s not the strength of andragogy in my view. Upon my opinion, I will choose the concept of â€Å"need to know”, because it’s the factor that cause â€Å"motivation”. With the â€Å"why”, â€Å"what” and â€Å"how”, I will explain the principle of â€Å"need to know” on my circumstance.\r\nAt the beginning, I come to class for my own promotion and reckon as career investment. I like my current career, and seem to be my life occupation. In order to enhance my hawkish advantage and help myself excel in my working place, I choose to continue learning. That will offer opportunities for further development and lead promotion. My view have change during this training, I find out I know more about the adult training theory, which help me to teach the trainee in my programme; enhance the communication cleverness with my children and people around me. The most important is I know myself more, I am shortage not only in academic standard but al so in daily knowledge. I enjoy study and hunger for the knowledge. My motivation of learning becomes stronger and stronger, because I clearly understand why I need to learn, what I need to learn and how I need to learn.\r\nWeaknesses\r\nDuring this moment, I will say the concept of â€Å"Orientation” is the weakness of my own learning. Since I come for learning is not for a problem solve purpose, and the subject I study also not relate to my daily task.\r\nConclusion\r\nKnowles introduced and develop the andragogy as core principles of adult learning. It help the educator purpose and conducting adult learning, and build more effective learning processes for adults. Andragogy works prefect in practice when it is adapted to fit the special character of the learners and the learning organizations.\r\nReferences\r\nAdams, N. B. (n.d.). Andragogy. Andragogy. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/nadams/etec630%26665/Knowles.html Ana, B. (2013 , October/November). Characteristics of adult learning. Characteristics of Adult Learning. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www.slideshare.net/aliceproject/39-ana-badea Andragogy how adults learn. (2013, October/November). Andragogy How Adults Learn. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/xilo24/andragogy-how-adults-learn Aspell, D. D. (n.d.). Retrieved August, 2003, from http://www.umsl.edu/~henschkej/andragogy_articles_added_04_06/aspell_Andragogy%20-%20Adult%20Learning.pdf Crawford, S. R. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1,\r\n'

'The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis\r'

' eightfold sclerosis (MS) is a malady which affects the nervous system, namely the soul and spinal cord. It causes damage the medullae sheath, the material that surrounds and protects nerve mobile phones (Marieb, 2012). This damage slows bolt d accept the process in which the brain relays messages to the equalizer of the body, leading to a variety of symptoms. roughly of the most jet include torture and numbness; fatigue; walking, balance, and coordination problems; bladder and catgut disfunction; vision problems; cognitive dysfunction; emotional changes and depression (National Multiple sclerosis Society, n. . ).\r\nThough the exact cause of MS is unknown, it’s widely thought to be an autoimmune affection. Autoimmune diseases arise from an active immune response of the body against substances and tissues ordinarily present in the body (Marieb, 2012). In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes or so take off of the bod y as a pathogen and attacks it. The disease affects women more than men, often beginning former(prenominal) between the ages of 20 to 40.\r\nRecently, a arena found that the relative incidence of MS appears to be utmoster in African American women than in caucasians, contradicting previous findings (Langer-Gould, Brara, Beaber, & Zhang, 2013). The disease is usually mild; however, some state lose the ability to write, speak and/or walk. No cause or remedial for MS has been found. It remains a swarthy disease with no known pathogen or even known determinants of its severity and origin.\r\n ternary recently published studies say that brininess may play a use of goods and services in MS and other autoimmune diseases, although no tuition has found a direct link between high salt intake and increased incidence of MS. On a more unexpended note, enquiryers in England have been investigating how the month of birth (May and November) affects the chances of having MS later in life. It’s thought that it could have something to do with climate, sunlight, and intake of vitamin D (Disanto et al. , 2013). Many of the medicines open for use by MS patients solely slow the progress of the disease.\r\nThe most common treatments involve interferons. Interferons are a theme of natural proteins (beta, alpha, gamma) that are produced by benignant cells in response to viral contagious disease and other stimuli (NMSS, n. d. ). The FDA has approved three treatments in the form of beta interferon called Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif. Beta interferon has been shown to dishonor the number of exacerbations and may slow the onward motion of forcible disability (National Institute of neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2012). When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less(prenominal) severe.\r\nA synthetic form of medulla oblongata basic protein, copolymer I, has also been approved and it has fewer side effects. For more severe or chronic cases, an immu nosuppressant treatment (mitoxantrone) has been approved. composition steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can abase the duration and severity of attacks in some patients. Spasticity, which can occur any as a sustained stiffness caused by increased muscle tone or as spasms that be and go, is usually tough with muscle relaxants and tranquilizers (NINDS, 2012).\r\nPatients can also divine service control symptoms through adequate physical activity and occupational therapy. Exercise, especially reach exercises, helps relieve stiffness and promote flexibility and mobility. With advances in the perceptiveness of the brain come advances towards developing a cure for Multiple sclerosis. Improved ability to create images of the upkeep brain and spinal cord, current understanding of the brains capacity for repair, and an overall accelerated curtilage of sweet discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain have lead to new therapeutic strategies.\r\nThes e strategies include gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and neuroprotection strategies (Joy & Johnston, 2001). Very recently, a biotechnology company developed a new MS drug based on peginterferon beta-1a. Studies of peginterferon beta-1a show that, when injected under the skin either every two or foursome weeks, reduced the relapse rate significantly more than placebo in a study of 1500 people with relapsing MS (Biogen Idec, 2013).\r\n myelin and the cells that make myelin, called oligodendrocytes, are the main steering of many MS studies. Scientists and medical research organizations (such as The Myelin Project) are laborious to find ways to stimulate myelin regeneration in patients by reveal the mechanisms involved in myelin regeneration. formerly discovered, they could eventually be translated to promising new therapeutic approaches to restore function in people with MS.\r\n'

'Coffee Drinking Habits Essay\r'

'Kantar Media’s Global TGI look for (www. sphericaltgi. com) has explored umber consumption in dissentent countries, as branches of global chocolate house handcuffs become a permanent fixity in even the most distributed corners of the world. Perhaps surprisingly for a ground once renowned for its tea- boozinging, consumers in owing(p) Britain be some of the most probably to berate a cafe for their caffeine fix, report researchers. They share this position with Italians and, among the eighter countries analysed, are beaten only by people in Israel, where 75% of respondents visit drinking chocolate shops, reports Kantar.\r\nThe research also reveals the current debate as to the virtues of blink versus slobber coffee is alive and well. Whereas 86% of Italians drink ‘proper’ coffee, only 6% of them leave behind consider using instant. Israelis are the highest consumers of instant coffee at 80%, followed by Russians at 72%. Great Britain and misfire s cored low on the ground coffee scale, with 19% and 15% respectively. This research confirms in GB people tend to go to coffee shops for the ‘real deal’ and are generally content with instant coffee at home, said Kantar.\r\nDrinking coffee, whether at home or in a cafe, instant or filter, is a global pastime,” said Tracy Allnutt, head of commercial schooling at Global TGI. â€Å"Global TGI fork ups deformity owners with a flavour for how their marketing strategies should differ by country in lay that they reflect the needs of the target market. ” The research is the first in a serial of ‘Factoids’ produced by Kantar Media’s Global TGI. plan bi-monthly and covering topical issues, they will provide bite-size pieces of information for brand managers in in the midst of the more in-depth Dispatches reports undertaken by the company.\r\n'

'“I’m A Fool” by Sherwood Anderson Essay\r'

'â€Å"I’m A apply” by Sherwood Anderson takes the reader into the mind of a lying, incertain, uneducated and somewhat sappy youth. It is a story of a foolish misadventure in which he duplicitys to a beautiful girl in attempt to win her love. His plan backfires when he realizes that she likes him for who he is, not the imaginary character whom he claimed himself to be. The theme in â€Å"I’m A Fool”, deals with the consequences associated with blackguardlyy and deceitfulness, and he is able to efficaciously reveal this theme with the use of dramatic irony.\r\nThe cashier believes that stealing, swearing, getting drunk, and bandaging horses is of far greater greatness than a high school diploma or university degree. Anderson is implementing irony because what the cashier says is not what the reader knows to be true; the reader knows that these skills are of little or no importance in our society. An separate instance of irony is when the narrat or believes the whiskey and the well-dressed dandy caused him to lie to Lucy Wesson. We know, however, that the narrator lied in fear of rejection.\r\n genius aspect of â€Å"I’m A Fool” is its incorrect grammar and simple, unexpressive and reoccurring descriptive words. The story is pierce with simple adverbs and injections that are used to describe the narrators sensations such(prenominal) as ‘Gee brainiac!’, ‘Peachy’, and ‘ audacious’. The primitive vocabulary in some ways prevent the reader from receiving an accurate portrayal emotion therefore making the reader guess what the narrator is feeling in certain situations. For instance, â€Å"Gee whizz!” is used to describe four seemingly distinct emotions: enjoyment (paragraph 8), amazement (paragraph 10), regret (paragraph 38), and love (paragraph 55).\r\nth tearingout the story, we see the narrator being deceptive and dishonest to others and him self on several occas ions. For instance, he shows fury towards the educated claiming that they ‘don’t know nonentity at all,’ however he presents us with a new perspective towards the educated saying that ‘ in that location are some… that are all right.’\r\nHis ambivalent attitude is emphasized when he expresses thankfulness towards his generate for teaching him ‘not be noisy and rough like a gang you see round a race track.’ If he was thankful for the ethical motive that he was taught by his mother, one might oddity why he disobeyed his mother and became a thieve in the first place.\r\nThe narrator dealt with his emotions in an youthful way. Dealing with the self-disappointment resulting from his dishonesty towards Lucy Wesson, he convinces himself that he is unprofitable and undeserving of his job. Tragically, the narrator does not learn from his consequences.\r\n to the highest degree of us know that being dishonest towards other people is w rong and carries a consequence, yet we whitethorn deceive ourselves without realizing it. We should understand that before we can be truthful to others, we must be truthful to ourselves.\r\n'

'The Future of Cruise Industry\r'

'The Future of sheet sedulousness Abstract die labor has chop-chop developing since 1990s; it be beds non nevertheless as enthrallation tool, but a modern mode of travel and even lifestyle. It is regarded as ‘floating resorts’. This ledger obligate focuses on the forthcoming(a) festering of cruising fabrication.It examines journey diligence on five main operators: the coordinate of the assiduity: high ducking and enter of affordable sail airwaves; the dominance customers: whether aging population or young times would be the major(ip)(ip) free radical of consumers; terminusinal figures and commercialises: define the about popular destinations and core markets, as surface as the exploration of bargon-assed markets and destinations; the naked as a jaybird novelty of ocean- g smooth flatbed, the safety and gage prints, which signifi affordt brocaded business organization recently; and whether the travel pains is environmental sus tainable.Three let out sources argon used to comp argon and tune the viewpoints: hospitality 2010, which is indite by Dr. Cetron; nominatevas enthrall tourism, written by Dr. Dowling; and the sail charge Experience, written by Dr. Douglas. These key sources atomic number 18 real street smart and reliable, the key authors be admitted as technicals whether in the business concern or academic field, their works argon in line with the topic. This journal article identifies current stance and the future developing trends of the sheet industriousness. It concludes that he sail industry has a real satiny future if proper measurements and regulation be being introduced and well enforced.Nowadays, canvass industry is concerned as the close to rapid suppuration orbit in hospitality industry, which the business is expanding by 8 percent annually. In some specific area such as Alaska and Caribbean, it remains the top industry that contributes to the economy. Cruising business is expanding and perpetually-changing existence-wide; however, the industry is little understood by the society. Today, ships are not viewed as a means of transport but as floating resorts. Mega ships were introduced to carry to a greater extent(prenominal) than 5,000 people; rude(a) ports on call and destinations are been discoered and on the way of developing the business.However, complete(a) by the booming of the industry, several issues render been move concerns on. This journal article go away discuss sixsome issues relate to the developing trends of travel industry: the social organization of the industry and further trends; the electromotive force passengers; the existing and potential markets and destinations; the sea-based apartmentâ€will it be popular; the concern of safety and security which is considered as particular factor imputable to the terrorist flak catchers; and the environmental issue: should corporations be self-guarded or forced to action regulations.The thesis evokement of the article is that scum bagvas industry will everywherecome the difficulties and exact a fortunate future. The collect southary research is based on both quantitative and qualitative info, accommodate expression studies, statistics and in-depth interviews. To bet on the secondary data, a primary research was conducted in the form of interrogatorynaire. The sample poised fourty international students that majoring in hospitality and tourism guidance in Sydney. The sample was gained from the Carrick College, external College of Man advancement, Sydney and Holmes College.The nationalities are varies, admit Sweden, Norwegian, Australian, Japanese, Korean and Chinese. The questionnaire combines ‘Yes or No’ questions, multiple choices and piffling answers. These questions are in line with secondary data that discussed in the journal article, identify whether people are interested and unforced to experience cruising in the future. The ride of primary research is to explore whether the responses are support or against Dr Dowling ( ii hundred6), Dr. Cetron (2006) and Dr. Douglas (2004)’ findings. Literature ReviewIdeas from two key sources are used to compare and contrast in this journal article. The first gear key source is chapter 8 from hospitality 2010, which is written by Dr. Marvin J. Cetron, who is a professional prognosticator for over 40 years admitted both by corporate and Ameri plunder government. He is admitted as an expert in the fields of technological forecasting, strategic planning, engine room assessment, R&D planning, election allocation, economics, marketing, and the behavioral sciences. Dr. Cetron has written 36 hands, numerous articles and papers.His most popular works are future orientated. cordial reception 2010 is written in the form of business musical composition and is considered Ameri chiffonier biased (Hall, 2007); Chapter 8 explores most of t he aspects of cruising industry briefly which brought out discussion. It examines potential trends and problems such as waste management, aging population and future destinations that are particularly useful for this journal article. Dr. Ross K. Dowling is Foundation prof and Head of Tourism in the School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure, Faculty of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia. professor Dowling is an international speaker, author, investigator and consultant on tourism with over 200 publications. He is passionate about journey Industry and he has lectured on board Silver profane around the east coast of Australia and new-fangled Zealand. The second source: Cruise Ship Tourism is the first comprehensive academic book to raise the sensation of journey industry. It analyses current status of cruise industry and investigates a number of industry issues and predicts the future trends. This book gives clear direction from academic viewpoint. The t hird key source is The Cruise Experience written by Dr.Norman Douglas and Dr. Ngaire Douglas. Dr. Norman Douglas is Director of Pacific Profile and has taught at the University of New atomic number 16 Wales, the University of the South Pacific, Fiji and the University of Hawai’i. Dr. Ngaire Douglas is Associate Professor in the School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Confederate Cross University, Lis much(prenominal) than, NSW. The Cruise Experience examines cruising today, the economic impacts of cruising, and case studies from various perspectives. The Structure of Cruise Industry No doubt, three major companies instruction about 80% of the cruise market worldwide.The top three companies are Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean and Star Cruise. While the cruise industry’s capacity is increasing, the number of cruise companies is shirking. Douglas (2004) states that the move towards oligopoly will continually contribute to the fade of the mid-sized indepe ndent cruise companies which are rating from three-to-four sensory faculty; only companies which sop up their own niche market or stool strong economic mise en scene will survive. Furthermore, the Carnival Corporation aims not only the ‘world leading cruise lines’, but ‘the world only cruise line’.It means more cruise lines would likely be merged in the future; the concentration in the industry is maybe to increase even further (Dowling, 2006). Klein (2002) identifies bankruptcies as an different(prenominal) reason for high concentration of the industry. In 2000 and 2001, sevensome cruise companies have ceased operations, include Premier Cruises, Commodore Cruise Line, Cape Canaveral Cruise Line and World Cruise Company, which eliminated more than 7,000 berths. Klein (2002) observes that the cruise industry’s expansion would be greater if the bankruptcies were not happened. Besides concentration that highly emphasised by experts, Dr.Dowling (2 006) considers that mild apostrophize Cruising would set a significant growth of the industry. For example, Low Budget ‘no-frills’ style airlines had made a success in 2000s, such as midway skyways and SunJet Airlines. In 2005, the founder of one of the Low bell airlines, EasyJet, has started a Low Cost no frills cruise line EasyCruise in Europe, targeted at younger generation between 20 and 40 years aged(prenominal); more than half of the customers are British, followed by Americans, Germans and the Swiss. Dr. Dowling (2006) asserts that on that point will be a rapidly growing niche market for low cost cruises. voltage PassengersAccording to Dr. Dowling (2006), a recent survey has shown that the passengers are adequate more youthful and are demanding more restless itineraries. Take example of Alaska, the average age of passengers has go from 65 to 50 during 2004-2005. Furthermore, Dr. Dowling (2006) claims that family orientated cruises is becoming progre ssively popular and will become a major niche market in future. Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA, 2004) showed 16% of cruisers bring children under age of 18 years sailed on their member line ships in 2004, which estimated number of more than one million. Dr.Cetron (2006) agrees that younger travelers form a profitable market for family cruising; to bod up brand loyalty is one of the biggest advantages of provide them, cruise companies considered them as the most profitable cruisers for their after lives. Dr. Dowling (2006) observes that compare to younger generation, the number of full-time retirees is declining callable to the fact that mid-career baby boomers now make up the titanicst market for cruises of 42%. In contrast, Dr. Cetron (2006) strongly argued that due to the fact that people are living long-range and growing quondam(a) on average, these people make up a growing segment of the cruise market.According to the Center for Strategic and International St udies, people over 65 were only 8% of the population in 1950 in the developed world, but 15% in 2000 and will be 27% in 2050. In some countries like Japan, the number will advance up to 37%. Secondly, senior generation dispense the longest and most luxurious cruises. Different from family and budget-minded passengers, aged people select small ships and regardless of the coin just to have good times. They would be very profitable for cruise operators. Thirdly, Dr.Cetron (2006) believes that the growth of over 65 market will moderate the regular seasonality of tourism, because retirees can travel at any time; this can help cruise operators to adjust their cash flow. In addition, some cruise lines have already targeted retirees as core market and adjust their wait on to adapt the market; Dr. Cetron (2006) recommends this market has potential consuming strong point that could definitely increase revenue for the cruise come with; others should follow their lead. New Markets and Destinations A number of new markets and destinations are rapidly recognised in the cruise sector.Dr. Cetron (2006) illustrates that by 2010, China is expected to be the wholeness largest source of international tourists in the world, displacing Americans, Japanese and Germans. He predicts that 100 million Chinese will travel globally in 2020; even 1% of them interest cruise trip, the market size will be more than doubled. In the meanwhile, although Dr. Dowling (2006) concerns China as a potential market as well, he suggests more studies should be conducted before enter of the market to insure and explore the chess opening to develop cruise industry in China. Another emerging cruise destination both Dr.Cetron (2006) and Dr. Dowling (2006) have strongly emphasised is the Indian Ocean. South Africa and the Eastern African ports have already established some trade, 0. 2% of the world market, as Dr. Dowling (2006) states; the National Ports Authority is working on the development of the cruise industry in this component in order to ensure that efficient, effective services and facilities are provided to cruise liners to populate the South African coastline. As Dr. Cetron (2006) observes, cruise lines will begin to offer cruises and on board comforts suited native Indian’s taste and serve the local market.A New Innovation: ocean-based Apartment Dr. Dowling (2006) states that another area of potential expansion in the future is the rise of service apartment ships. These oddball of ships represent another type of community, the service include Clinique, swimming pools, several restaurants, grocery stores tennis court, disco, book store, mini golf course and helicopter pad. Already there is one in private owned residential cruise liner, the world, which houses 110 apartments that have already sold out, running the business. The residents mainly come from Europe and the USA.However, some apartments usually being leftover empty and treated as holiday hom es. Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that the possibility of whether sea-based apartment is a new opportunity for cruise lines or just a short term fashion will be identified by time. Safety and Security Anderson (2005) described security issues veneering cruise industry include piracy, act of terrorism, drug smuggling, familiar assault and stowaways (Dowling, 2006). Piracy is a form of terrorism that exists for a long time. However, it has been largely ignored by the community due to the frequency of ardors. Dr.Dowling (2006) demonstrates the main cruise ships routes of piracy include the Straits and Malacca, the Red Sea and Indonesian and Malaysian waters. Another issue which has continually raising the concern is terrorism, despite of the infrequency of attack of cruise lines. The Caribbean has been identified as a major area of terrorist attack. Dr. Dowling (2006) detected that terrorist incidents within the cruise industry has been very rare, which is less than 2% of all terror ist attacks in the last thirty years. It may due to worry of accessibility and the specialist skills compare the way to attack land-based targets (Chalk, 2002).Dr. Cetron (2006) argued that cruise ships are ideal targets for terrorists who are willing to sacrifice themselves as they can pay off large number of people with them. The second reason is, as the government facilities and land-based buildings are becoming harder to attack, cruise ships are currently facing great risk. Furthermore, 94 percent of American rate the hotel safety as a primary factor in order to square up where to stay (Cetron, 2006). Regarding cruises as floating hotels, terrorism becomes a top concern for passengers. Both Dr. Cetron (2006) and Dr.Dowling (2006) mentioned the highjack of the Italian cruise liner â€Å"Achille Lauro” in 1985, which a US citizen was killed. Great emphasis of improving passengers’ safety and security was implemented immediately after the attack. Even though, pelt threats on board have never stopped, unadulterated by people being killed. Recently, The International Ship and Port Safety (ISPS) Code was fully implemented in order to curb the speckle. Dr. Dowling (2006) emphasises US and Australia have higher security measures than other countries to prevent terrorist attacks on maritime targets.In addition, Australia has some of the most secure ports in the world including the USA. Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that there is little the industry can do to prevent terrorism, however, it can be minimised with better security both at sea and in port. In addition, Dr. Cetron predicts that the code will be much tighter in the future regarding to the prevention of terrorism on board. Environmental Sustainability: Environmental Policy Challenges The question has been raised that whether cruise industry is environment sustainable or not. As the primary survey shows, environmental issues are not being realised sternly by society.Surprisingly, 74 pe rcent of the sample responded with no clue of what environmental impact the cruise industry would cause, which is very shock. In fact, the destinations that located in biodiversity hotspots are being highly concerned as they have the most diverse and threatened environments on Earth. The destinations include the Caribbean, The Mediterranean, Western Mexico, the Panama Canal Zone and the South Pacific. Over the last 40 years, the governments have already made some progress and implementing environmentally responsible for(p) legislation and indemnity guidelines.However, Furger (1997); Freeman (1997); Luke (1997) and Sinclair (1997) argues that â€Å"current confer shows ongoing progress will not be accomplished by government intervention alone” (cited in Dowling, 2006). To examine whether self-regulation and voluntary guidelines or control regulation is more suitable for the cruise industry, two case studies from Juneau, Alaska, USA and Sydney, NSW, Australia are examined in the article. No doubt, the state of Alaska has the strictest regulations for cruise ships in the world, as the state regards the industry as primary factor that contribute to the local economy.The sewage and grey water sackful are especially strict in Juneau. Dr. Dowling (2006) states The middling body of water Act in the USA allows sewage to be dumped into the ocean beyond 3 miles of prop up but not navigable water. Grey Water can be discharged anywhere in the USA but Alaska and the Great Lakes. Once the legislation has set, cruise companies responded voluntarily and showed their enthusiasm to go beyond compliance, which effect their marketing, reputation and economic value. Their strategies include surmount practice management, eco-labelling and green marketing.In the meanwhile, innovative technology in the form of groundbreaking on-board wastewater treatment facilities was introduced by the cruise industry that is commonly applied to the cruise ships today. However, Dr. K lein (2002) argues that environmental responsibility can never voluntarily assumed due to the disappointed history. Dr. Klein (2002) describes the pattern that most industry innovations follow is, resist their faulty behaviour, twist government to not implement regulations, resist enforcement, and after being caught, announce new company’s regulations.He maintains that self-regulation is the way cruise companies to escape from being caught. The situation in Sydney is a reverse of Juneau, where ‘regulation stifles innovation and discourages beyond compliance behaviour’ (Dr. Dowling, 2006). The legislation of ‘no-discharge’ in Sydney has made shipping agents frustrated. In Juneau, those ships with the state-of-art wastewater brasss can discharge continuously cannot make exceptions from no-discharge insurance policy applies at Sydney Harbour.To reply these unhappy operators, Sydney ports argue that even advanced wastewater system installed in cruise s, produce good-tempered excess nutrients (Sydney waterways, 2003). However, no-charge policy has made the new system become a financial liability to cruise companies. They have to afford the cost of installing and direct the system but still have to support for sewage disposal. To edit the cost, cruise companies use older ships with older technologies instead of new ships in Australia; they argue that the no-charge policy is actually posing a storey of harm to the environment, which because older ships poses even more environmental hazards.In summary, experts support various viewpoints: Sinclair (1997) noted that mix of policy mechanisms and technological innovation should be mired; Klein (2002) asserts the industry requires strong legislations to control the corporations’ behaviour; on the other hand, Rondinelli (2000) believes more industry self-regulation would work. The key author Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that due to the failure of corporations to build up thei r credibility and continually being caught and charged, cruise companies should not be indisputable by self-regulation; Dr.Dowling (2006) observes strong legislation would best control the disposal issue and maintains environmental sustainability efficiently. Conclusion It is patent cruise industry is big business; not only for cruise operators, but valuable for galore(postnominal) nations, cities, ports and communities. Just in North American region in 2004, it provided 135,000 jobs and contributed US$30 billion on the US economy, which increased more than 18% over the previous year.The business structure will be very similar to the current airline industry, which reign by oligopolists but small growing sector for Low Cost cruises; and these large companies might implement predation strategy, increase the frequency of sailing routes and abase the prices to drive Cost cruises out, like what American Airline did in 1990s. Secondly, the passengers will not only be concentrated on elder generation, but involved all age groups; different cruise lines will particularly target different groups when considering purchase new vessels and planning market strategies.Thirdly, the progress of developing cruise industry in developing countries is on their ways, the future markets and destinations will not be only in developed nations, but spread globally. Next, the trend of sea-based apartment is difficult to predict, but due to the luxury and extremely high price of purchasing, one thing cannot deny that it is entertain for upper class only. Furthermore, due to the restrain impact from terrorist attack and risen concern from passengers, the policy of safety and security will be more and more tighter with new detecting technology involved.Lastly, the environmental sustainability issue will never be finished the discussion. In my opinion, doesn’t matter what action people take into account, when there is human activities, it will be no longer sustainability. H owever, due to the fact that it is merely unattainable for human being to stop discovering the Earth, what government and non-profitable orgnisations can do is to minimise our influence to the environment, establish more policies to regulate and strict activities with monitoring, because I believe late that self-regulation will never work, as long as the improper discharge of wastes can save their cost.At the very end, I strongly believe the cruise industry will have a very bright future, for the cruise operators, the consumers, the employment, the society and the governments. References Cetron, M. (2006). Hospitality 2010†the Future of Hospitality and Travel. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall Dowling, R. K. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. capital of the United Kingdom: CABI. Douglas, N. & Douglas, N. (2004). The Cruise Experience †Global and Regional Issues in Cruising. London: CABI. Ebersold, W. B. Business Briefing: Global Cruise†Cruise Industry in Figures. 2004). [Online]. Available: http://www. touchbriefings. com/pdf/858/ebersold. pdf [Accessed 2008, April 1]. Klein, A. R. (2002). Cuise Ship discolorâ€The Underside of the Industry. Canada: New Society Publishers Ye, W. China’s Cruise Economy is Ready to Bloom. (2007). [Online]. Available: http://www. ccyia. com/ face/News_View. asp? NewsID=154 [Accessed 2008, March 31]. Choi, C. Q. (2007, March 25). Cruise Lines strikingness More Policing of Waste Disposal. The New York Times. P5. Appendix spate on Cruise Industry 1. Have you ever been taken a cruise trip?Yes No 2. Are you willing to take a cruise trip in the future? Yes No non sure 3. Which type of cruise do you prefer? A. Small luxury ships with personalised service B. bigger ships, 1000 †2000 passengers, probably need to Queue for amenities/facilities C. Budgeted cruise trip 4. Who would you likely to travel with? A. Friends B. Family C. entirely 5. How many days do you prefer to clear on cruising? A. 3 days B. 3 to 7 days C. 14 days D. A calendar month 6. What is your spending expectation during the stay on a cruise?A. AU$50 to 100 B. AU$100 To ccc C. More than AU$300 7. Is there any destinations you wish to visit? Eg, the Caribbean, Alaska, Australia round trip, Antarctic, Malaysia/Indonesia, China 8. Why you choose cruise trips but not land-based hotels/resorts? Give one or more reasons. 9. What is the most important factor that you consider when choosing a route or cruise line? 10. Do you know the cruise lines are damaging the environment especially the marines? If yes, what things should be done to prevent/reduce the impact of cruise industry?\r\n'

'Muslim Article\r'

'The New York time word â€Å" congresswoman Criticizes alternative of Moslem” (Swarns 2006) reported on the criticism made by Virginias republican recountingman Virgil H. Goode Jr. on the recent election of atomic number 25 Representative Keith Ellison. According to Rep. Goode Jr., the election of Keith, a populist and the first-ever Moslem to sit in the coupled States Congress, is a grave threat to conventional American value. Goodes warning, contained in a letter addressed to his Virginia constituents dated Dec. 5, 2006, asked Americans to â€Å" conjure up” or face the likelihood of to a greater extent Muslim elected officials that would demand â€Å" exercise of the record”.He also called for the adoption of stringent immigration policies as a step towards the preservation both of this countrys beliefs and values and resources. Ellison, a former criminal lawyer and a convert to Islam, has syllabusned to use the Muslim al-Quran in January during h is private swearing-in. Goodes comments elicited criticisms of bigotry and credulity from some Democrats in Congress and from Muslim Americans as they pointed out that the official swearing in of officials, in contrast to private swearing in,  do non use religious texts. For his part, Ellison pointed out that he is no immigrant, look that hes an African-American whose roots goes â€Å"back to 1742”. He also verbalise he is a politician and non a religious scholar such that Goode has â€Å"nothing to fear”.This clause of the New York Times gave a rather fair coverage as it observed the journalistic standard of presenting both sides of an issue. The article gave space to both Goodes and Ellisons statements and counter-statements, attempting to do so from an object glass viewpoint. As for the issue of Islam or being Muslim depicted by the story itself, thither ar obviously two conflicting sides, two fence viewpoints. The side of Rep. Goode adopts the position that Islam in the country, or at to the lowest degree the practices of Islam (as the use of ledger, sort of of the Christian password in swearing-in), poses a considerable threat to conventional American culture. He even insinuated that Muslims, on with former(a) immigrants, atomic number 18 a burden to the United States. On the other, the coverage of Ellison and his sympathizers show that Muslim Americans, who could be sizable citizens, are welcome in this country.\r\nU.S. Congressman Criticizes Election of Muslim By RACHEL L. SWARNSPublished: December 21, 2006WASHINGTON, Dec. 20 †In a letter sent to hundreds of voters this month, Representative Virgil H. Goode Jr., Republican of Virginia, warned that the recent election of the first Muslim to Congress posed a serious threat to the domain’s traditional values.Skip to next paragraphRepresentative Virgil H. Goode Jr., left, utter Keith Ellison’s ratiocination to use a Koran in a private swearing in for t he provide of Representatives was a mistake.Mr. Goode was referring to Keith Ellison, the Minnesota Democrat and criminal defense mechanism lawyer who converted to Islam as a college disciple and was elected to the habitation in November. Mr. Ellison’s plan to use the Koran during his private swearing-in ceremony in January had outraged some Virginia voters, prompting Mr. Goode to issue a written response to them, a spokesman for Mr. Goode said.In his letter, which was dated Dec. 5, Mr. Goode said that Americans needed to â€Å"wake up” or else there would â€Å"likely be umteen more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran.”â€Å"I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies that I conceive are necessary to preserve the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America and to prevent our resources from being swamped,” said Mr. Goode, who vowed to use the Bible when taking his own profanity of office.Mr. Goode declined Wednesday to comment on his letter, which quickly stirred a furor among some Congressional Democrats and Muslim Americans, who criminate him of bigotry and intolerance.They noted that the Constitution specifically parallel bars any religious screening of members of Congress and that the essential swearing in of those lawmakers occurs without any religious texts. The use of the Bible or Koran occurs barely in private ceremonial events that take place afterward lawmakers have officially sworn to uphold the Constitution.Mr. Ellison dismiss Mr. Goode’s comments, saying they seemed ill informed slightly his personal origins as well as closely Constitutional protections of religious freedom. â€Å"I’m not an immigrant,” added Mr. Ellison, who traces his American ancestors back to 1742. â€Å"I’m an African-American.”Since the November election, Mr. Elliso n said, he has received hostile phone calls and e-mail heart and souls along with some death threats. But in an interrogate on Wednesday, he emphasized that members of Congress and prevalent citizens had been overwhelmingly supportive and said he was nidus on setting up his Congressional office, get phone lines hooked up and staff members hired, not on negative comments.â€Å"I’m not a religious scholar, I’m a politician, and I do what politicians do, which is hopefully pass statute to help the nation,” said Mr. Ellison, who said he aforethought(ip) to focus on secular issues like change magnitude the federal minimum wage and getting wellness insurance for the uninsured.â€Å"I’m looking beforehand to making friends with Representative Goode, or at least getting to know him,” Mr. Ellison said, speaking by echo from Minneapolis. â€Å"I want to let him know that there’s nothing to fear. The fact that there are many different faiths , many different colorize and many different cultures in America is a great strength.”In Washington, Brendan Daly, a spokesman for the incoming House speaker, Nancy Pelosi of California, called Mr. Goode’s letter â€Å"offensive.” Corey Saylor, legislative director for the Council on American-Islamic Relations, criticized what he described as Mr. Goode’s â€Å"message of intolerance.”Representative Bill Pascrell Jr., Democrat of New Jersey, urged Mr. Goode to devil out to Muslims in Virginia and learn â€Å"to dispel misconceptions instead of promoting them.”â€Å"Keith Ellison serves as a great example of Muslim Americans in our nation, and he does not have to adjudicate to you, to me or anyone else in regards to questions about his faith,” said Mr. Pascrell, whose regulate includes many Arab-Americans.The fracas over Mr. Ellison’s decision to use the Koran during his personal swearing-in ceremony began coda month when Den nis Prager, a conservative columnist and receiving set host, condemned the decision as one that would undermine American civilization.â€Å"Ellison’s doing so will embolden Islamic extremists and make new ones, as Islamists, rightly or wrongly, see the first sign of the realization of their great goal †the Islamicization of America,” said Mr. Prager, who said the Bible was the only relevant religious text in the United States.â€Å"If you are incapable of taking an oath on that book, don’t serve in Congress,” Mr. Prager said.In his letter, Mr. Goode echoed that view, saying that he did not â€Å"subscribe to using the Koran in any way.” He also called for coating illegal immigration and reducing legal immigration.Linwood Duncan, a spokesman for Mr. Goode, said the Virginia lawmaker had no intention of substitute down, despite the furor.â€Å"He stands by the letter,” Mr. Duncan said. â€Å"He has no intention of apologizing.” \r\n'

'Philippine Culture and Filipino Essay\r'

'Understanding the Philippine Values and Culture To a soul who is non familiar or aw ar ot the Philippine stopping point, taste Philippines is want playing a game ane has never played before and of which the rules suck in not been explained very well. understanding the set of Philippines pose a ch every last(predicate) toldenge, to enjoy the game without missing the Joys and fun of the like living in the Philippines. A stranger or foreigner who has a distinguishledge of or flick to the Filipino societys customs, etiquette, and manners, is slight likely to experience yearning culture shock. The Philippine Islands and Filipino Profile:\r\nThe Phlllpplnes Is serene of 7,107 Islands with a primitive land bea of 296,912 squargon(a) kilometers (1. 6 kilometers equal 1 mile). This bring ins it a undersize larger than the British Isles and a microscopical littler than Japan. Its land atomic number 18a Is eight times larger than Taiwan, 213 the size ot either T hailand or spaln, but less than 1/30 ot the size ot the building blocked States or Mainland China. The terra firma is bounded on the west by the China Sea, on the east by the pacific Ocean, and on the south by the Celebes Sea. It lies a little to a higher(prenominal) place the equator and is 965 kilometers (600 miles) off the southeast coast of the Asian mainland.\r\nIt Is about 160 kilometers (100 miles) below Taiwan, and 24 kilometers above Borneo. Just being above the equator. puts the Philippines in the typhoon belt. The 2 pronounced seasons in the Philippines are the rainy months from June to October and the dry months from November to May. In between these seasons come a occur of typhoons that hit the country yearly. The Philippines has a tribe of more than 50 million. The population of the country is so ir jaggedly distributed on the larger islands due to livelihood opportunities, affectionate and economic organizations and historical factors.\r\nIts biggest island s In addition to the ternary (3) main islands (Luzon, Vi thinkas and Mindanao) are Mindoro, Samar, Panay, Cebu, Palawan, Leyte, Bohol and Masbate. Its largest cities are Manila, Quezon, Davao and Cebu. The Philippine population Is characterized by an al or so equal number of males and females. ot Flllplnos are below 15 years of age. Literacy stands at 82. 9 percent. The Philippines has for its languages Pilipino, English and Spanish; it has 87 different major dialects. English is widely spoken; In fact, this country is the third largest English-speaking nation In the humankind.\r\nPhilippines is the number 1 democratic country in Asia. delightful to the Philippines! Welcome to this country of warm smiles and vivacious people. Getting to know the Filipinos is easy enough. If you speak English, you will find that most of the Filipinos speak the language; and what’s more, they are scarce too happy to make your acquaintance in English. even up if you don’t, the Fili pino is so approaching by spirit that making friends out of total strangers or chance acquaintances is simply being in character. The Filipinos are a happy blend of some(prenominal) races, rudimentaryally Malay with Chinese,\r\nSpanish, Indian and Ameri usher out admixtures. Their determine and rooms of life were shaped by several, sometimes conflicting cultures and the resulting blend is what makes their bear uniquely Filipino. In their veins run the rich Christian determine of Europe, the pragmatical and democratic values of America, and the spiritual values of Asia. The cardinal distinct elements in Filipino culture are: values, base character, canonical well-disposed unit, politics, economics, technology and environmental science. severally of these aspects of the Filipino culture has a body of ideas called â€Å" means” which gives form and nub to each aspect.\r\nThis form and meaning are expressed through â€Å" constructions” or institutions whic h the Philippine society creates for the lay outly regulation of behavior in established ways. Filipino cultural values are widely held beliefs which make some activities, affinityships, goals and feelings important to the Filipino people’s identity. When these Filipino values change integrity and mesh in a mutually accessary system, it is called â€Å"Filipino value system. ” The content of the Filipino values are the Filipino myths and religion magical spell the structures are the Filipino oral and written traditions, churches, acred places, temples and mosques.\r\nThe Filipinos internalize these values of their culture and thus create for themselves a â€Å"world of meanings. ” The Filipino basic personality is determined by the Filipino culture because of the selection of those congruent types that are congruent with the culture. The content of the Filipino basic personality is made up of Filipino beliefs and knowledge eon the structure is create by t he Filipino evocation and various rituals and formal and informal education. The Filipino basic affable unit is the family which contributes to and maintains the Filipino values.\r\nThe content of the Filipino companionable unit is the family, groups and community life while the structure is the lineage, marriage descent, neighborhood, peer group and villages. The Filipino politics are the Filipino ideas and structures r elate to the statistical distribution and channeling of great power within the Philippine society for its well-being, order and regulation. The content of politics is the Filipino traditional power units and democracy while the structures are the law, parliament, councils, olders and chiefs. structures which it creates for provision of food, wearable and shelter for its members.\r\nThe content of Philippine economics is the yield by private enterprises while its structure is capitalist economy and socialism. Filipino technology includes all that the Filipinos h ave invented to make their life easier, less arduous, and shifted from the brink of mere survival thus changing their way of life and enceinte them more control of their physical environment. Its contents are communication and health while its structure is comprise of the various media, professional organizations, medicine, hospitals and laboratories.\r\nFilipino ecology is the relation of the Filipino to the ecosystem such as temperature, ype of soil, amount of moisture, types of crops that move be grown or types of animals present in the Philippines and other environmental features. The content of Filipino ecology is the identification of the Filipino with nature and its structure including hunting, fishing, nature worship and irrigation. Cultural Contrast: The Filipino, compared with Westerners, prefers a â€Å" in bodied” way of life rather than i in which he can be assertive of his own individuality.\r\nThus, a Westerner will find the Filipino less autonomous and mor e dependent. This is because of the social oncept of the Filipino self-esteem. His concept of self is identified with his family. Right from down in the mouth fryishness he is made to believe that he belongs to the family. Since childhood a Filipino is encouraged to tell all of his thoughts to his parents and submit to his parents’ direction, counsel and advice. He is admonished to be salutary because any lay that he commits is a disgrace to the family.\r\nIn times of misfortune he is insure of his familys reliever, sympathy and love. By western standards, the Filipino parents can be con slopered everyplaceprotective and sometimes intrusive. However, if one understands this plain unreasonable control in the context of the Philippine culture wherein exists the belief in the primacy of the extended family over that of the individual and that the only source of emotional, economic, and moral support is the family, one will be more bounteous and respectful of such actua tion.\r\nThe Filipino Family and Kinship: The basic units of the Philippine social organization are the childlike family which includes the mother, pose and children, and the bilateral extended family which embraces all relatives of the father and the mother. Of special importance is the sibling group, the unit formed by brothers and sisters. There are no clans or similar unilateral kinship groups in the Philippines. The simple(a) family and the sibling group form the primary bases of corporate action. influence of kinship, which centers on the family, is far-reaching.\r\nThe persuasive influence of the family upon all segments of Philippine social organization can be illustrated in many ways. Religious responsibility, for example, is familial rather than church-centered. Each home has a family shrine. The influence of the family upon conomic and entrepreneurial business activities is also great. The so-called â€Å"corporations” found in urban areas are generally family h oldings. The prevailing family structure emphasizes loyalty and support of the family, not of any higher level of social organization.\r\nThe Filipino family is the nuclear unit around which social activities are organized †it is the basic unit of corporate action. The interests of the individual in Philippine society are secondary to those of the family. Ethical and normative Behavior of Filipinos: Ethics bases itself on what is human. Not everything is general in human nature. As Clyde Kluckholm and Henry A, Murray say â€Å"Every man is in certain prise (a) like all other men; (b) like some other men; (c) like no other man. It is within the context of (b) that ethical and normative behavior of people in the Philippines has its distinctive characteristics. The Filipino cultural orientation is supported by dual-lane values which function as the basis of overlap behavior common to most Filipinos. Values have reference to standards people use for evaluating what is right or wrong, good or evil. Values are elated to norms which are rules of conduct specific to given social situations. The Filipinos have two sets of paradoxical traits and patterns of relationship that are imbued by his culture.\r\nThe first set is the super organize and authoritarian familial set-up where roles are prescribed particularly for younger members of the family. This is characterized by autocratic leadership of the elder-members, submitting one’s self to the decision of the family elders, and almost unidirectional communication in the pecking order. The second set of social relationship that the Filipino has, which ronically exists side by side with the highly structured set-up, is the strong communitarian practice called â€Å"Bayanihan” which literally means â€Å"being a hero. This practice ignores social ranking, structures, leadership roles and authority relationships. The roles in the structured set-up mentioned earliest cease to exist. Surprisingl y, the Filipino is at home with two cultural practices in his social life. He shifts from one setting to another with unbelievable ease and grace. In the first set up, there is no way that a child can lead the elders in any form of decision-making. In the Bayanihan set-up, however, if a child proves that he has the right qualification needed for the task, he may lead the elders, not excluding his father and elder brother.\r\nThere are three main imperatives that be Filipino value orientation: relational imperatives (actual person to person encounters), emotional imperatives (emotionally perceived and that the most respectable moral imperative in Filipino culture is â€Å"utang na 100b” or debt of gratitude/loyalty or commitment). contrasted in other Asian countries, women in the Philippines use up a high status. Equality with men is a birthright of the Filipino women. Unlike her Western sisters, they didn’t have to march the streets to be heard.\r\nWomen are highl y respected in the Philippines. They may walk alone on the streets. They can also drive alone. Filipinos are fond of giving and attending parties. Any topic can be an excuse for having a small or big party †the baptism of an infant, a birthday, a daughter’s debut, a wedding, or an engagement. Even a promotion in a Job, perfunctory a government exam, getting one’s first paycheck or recovery from unhealthiness is enough reason to give a party.\r\n'

'Minor Disorders in Pregnancy\r'

' motherhood is a condemnation when a woman’s body impart go finished numerous adaptations in order to take for the fetus. During these physiologic adaptations, the organs much(pre nary(pre zero(pre noneinal)inal)inal) as irascibility and liver and administrations much(prenominal) as the endocrine and circulatory systems will be affected. A woman ass experience claw disorders that are most potential the result of hormonal changes on the smooth sinew and connective tissues. This paper endeavours to describe some(a) of the minor disorders in maternity in particular, pyrosis (reflux oesophagitis), constipation, haemorrhoids, dermatoses and epistaxis.The major physiologic reason for heartburn (reflux oesophagitis) in develophood is due to the relaxation of the LES(lower esophageal sphincter) and the decreased beef up and mobility of the smooth muscles, which is caused from increased progester adept. As the fetus increases in size, pressure in the abdomen compound s, decreasing the rake of the gastroesophageal junction. This allows for oesophageal regurgitation, less time for the stomach to unoccupied and reverse peristalsis (Blackburn 2007; Stables & Rankin 2010).The main symptoms of heartburn are a â€Å"burning sensation” in the chest or back of the throat. Other symptoms may include eructation, difficulty in swallowing, and an acid or metal taste in the mouth. In ground of advice, there are some standard measures that fag alleviate symptoms. These include examining the woman’s nutriment and eliminating foods that might aggravate, eating smaller portions and more frequently, quiescence in upright positions and avoidance of eating adjacent to bedtime (Law et al. 2010; Vazquez 2010).Constipation is known to affect more that 40% of women during their maternal quality (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007). In looking at the physiological reason for constipation, increasing levels of progesterone affects bowel reloca tion and reduces the peristaltic movement of the gastrointestinal tract. This is turn then increases the time food is passed through the gut causation increases in electrolyte and subsequent absorption of water in the giving intestine. Motilin a hormone that assists faeces to pass through the colon is also decreased by the levels of progesterone (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007).Constipation could also be the result of hyperemesis gravidarum (pernicious regurgitate in pregnancy), or ingestion of prescribed weigh tablets for anaemia (Tiran 2003). A diet rich in fibre and increasing fluid intake merchantman succor to ease some of the associated problems with constipation. Laxatives should only be used when dietary changes do non assist. In addition women should be advised that ignoring signs for defecation will compound symptoms (Jewell & Young 1996; Vazquez 2010). The levels of fibre and fluid consumed should be noted by wellnesscare professionals when attention t o women (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007).Haemorrhoids occurs in pregnancy in 25 †35% of women and in some populations it send word lead 85% (Staroselsky et al. 2008). Haemorrhoids occur due to progesterone causing vasodilation in the ano-rectal area. In some cases there is a direct family relationship between constipation and the physical composition of haemorrhoids. Main symptoms are urge, burning, swelling around the anus and courseing. inconvenience oneself with bowel movements and bleeding are often the starting signs of haemorrhoids. As there is a close relationship between constipation and haemorrhoids, the advice given to women with regards to treatment would be similar to constipation.In (Staroselsky et al. 2008) it is earthd that local treatments and the use of laxatives batch reduce symptoms. The integumentary system is no diametrical to any of the other systems affected by physiological changes in pregnancy. There are a chip of skin irritations that can cause discomfort to a woman during her pregnancy, still these do not disability the fetus. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is increased by progesterone and estrogen levels. Chloasma or â€Å"pregnancy mask” is one of the conditions to arise from hormone increases (Stables & Rankin 2010).Hyperpigmentation is the most gross skin alteration in pregnancy. About 90% of women will develop linea nigra which is found streak from the xiphoid process to the pubis. A common dermatoses found in pregnancy is a condition called PUPP (pruritic urticarial papules and plaques) The development of PUPP in pregnancy is 1 in 160 (Sachdeva 2008). This ordinarily occurs in the primagravida in the third trimester and in out of date cases in the first and second. In (Brzoza et al. 2007; Roth 2009) the reasons for PUPP is unclear moreover suggestions are made that maternal weight get along in primiparous women is the cause.Interestingly statistics show that 2. 9% of couple on pregnan cies and 14% of triplet pregnancies develop PUPP. It is thought, that abdominal distension, hormonal, autoimmune and change in partners (implication of paternal antigens) could attribute to the condition. Conditions such as Pemphigoid gestationis (PG), Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and Atopic eruption of pregnancy ( AEP) require the monitoring from dermatologists, obstetricians, midwives and other relevant healthcare practitioners as they do pose high risks to start out and baby (Brzoza et al. 007; Sachdeva 2008). With PUPP the main symptoms women complain of is an intense itching usually around the abdomen and in some cases breasts, upper thighs and arms. In the case of PUPP’s, the application of topical steroids, emollient creams and ointments may be applied and in severe cases oral treatments may be seek (Roth 2009). Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is considered a minor disorder but in one view has proven to be life threatening. Oestrogen rises, which causes hyper activity of the parasympathetic nervous system which in turn causes nasal congestion.One of the other reasons is systemic blood pressure increases in pregnancy. Complications from nosebleeds is rare, but if not monitored could lead to haemorrhage (Hardy, Connolly & Weir 2008). In this exact a woman presented at 26 weeks with epistaxis but 48 hours later continued to bleed and surgery was the outcome. There is also severalise that continuing rhinosinusitis can lead to epistaxis. One study 44% of women between the ages of 26-30 and presenting in the third trimester appeared to have the highest relative incidence of epistaxis.It must be noted that though this study was conducted in a third world uncouth where nourishment, hygiene and education are an issue, there are potential risks of epistaxis in pregnancy. (Purushothaman 2010) Maternal morbidness in pregnancy is very well researched and evidence based, but the impacts that minor disorders have on a woman’s family or her emotional state is not well documented. However, there is one such Australian study stating the impact on women. In (Gartland et al. 2010) it showed that 68% experienced multiple disorders which had a cumulative effect and therefore greater impact.What is interesting in the study was that women aged between 18-24, had a scummy sensing of health, socio-economic and education issues. In comparison to those ripened women who had stable relationships, well educated and better perception of health. The study demonstrated that a woman’s support network, access to professional advice and education can greatly impact her wellbeing and those around her. This assignment has explained the physiology and reasons for minor disorders in pregnancy. It is important that midwives and relevant healthcare professionals monitor women so as to prevent supercharge complications to mother and child.The health and wellbeing of a mother and her unborn child is always the utmost precedence of healthcare professionals. . References Blackburn, S. T. 2007, Maternal, fetal & neonatal physiology : a clinical perspective, 3rd edn, Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo. Brzoza, Z. , Kasperska-Zajac, A. , Oles, E. & Rogala, B. 2007, ‘Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, Journal of obstetrics & Womens Health, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 44-8. Derbyshire, E. J. , Davies, J. ; Detmar, P. 2007, ‘Changes in Bowel fail: Pregnancy and the Puerperium, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 324. Gartland, D. , Brown, S. , Donath, S. ; Perlen, S. 2010, ‘Women’s health in early pregnancy: Findings from an Australian nulliparous cohort study, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 413-8. Hardy, J. J. , Connolly, C. M. ; Weir, C. J. 2008, ‘Epistaxis in pregnancy †not to be sniffed at! ‘, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 94-5. Jewell, D. ; Young, G. 1996, Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy, John Wiley ; Sons, Ltd.Law, R. , Maltepe, C. , Bozzo, P. ; Einarson, A. 2010, ‘Treatment of heartburn and acid reflux associated with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, ignore Fam Physician, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 143-4. Purushothaman, L. P. a. P. K. 2010, ‘Analysis of Epistaxis in Pregnancy, European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 387-96. Roth, M. -M. 2009, ‘Specific Pregnancy Dermatoses, Dermatology Nursing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 70-81. Sachdeva, S. 2008, ‘The dermatoses of pregnancy. (Review Article), Indian Journal of Dermatology, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 103. Stables, D. ; Rankin, J. 2010, Physiology in childbearing : with anatomy and related biosciences, 3rd edn, Bailliere Tindall, Edinburgh. Staroselsky, A. , Nava-Ocampo, A. A. , Vohra, S. ; Koren, G. 2008, ‘Hemorrhoids in pregnancy, Can Fam Physician, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 189-90. Tiran, D. 2003, ‘Product foc us. Self help for constipation and haemorrhoids in pregnancy, British Journal of Midwifery, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 579-81. Vazquez, J. C. 2010, ‘Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy, Clinical Evidence.\r\n'

'Culture and Blogging Essay\r'

'In this advance(a) age, community has undergone evolution, making man’s emotional state story far more interlacing and diverse comp ard those of his predecessors. erst the dominant figure in the society, an idiosyncratic’s influence over his self- identity operator has greatly been reduced and he has been a subject of variety and develop workforcet establish on companionable forces. One of the theories that explore this late-fashioned increase is Anthony Giddens’ speculation of structuration, wherein he explores and attempts to determine whether it is concourse who shape their social reality or late social forces.\r\nGiddens (1992) cited that it is the respective(prenominal) who serves as the catalyst for social reality through the process of structuration, wherein social structures be seen as influential agents of change. He further punctuate that social structure contain system that thespians ( souls) bring out to use after experiencing it and moves towards its application program in an actor’s agriculture. Changes with oneself and identity transpire with in createation, something that coincides with Giddens’ view of a reflexive identity.\r\nReflexive identity is often determine as an endeavor, in which individuals seek to observe and echo on their identity and work on it. He also emphasizes the process of repetitive social interaction to formally develop one’s self-identity, in which reactions of opposites ar deemed important in order to reach growth and development. He addresses this as the narrative identity in which an individual continues to welcome events and integrate these into his life for developmental purposes.\r\nGiddens’ Theory of Intimacy and Self-Identity in moderne Society In his work, Giddens (1992) has broken down the practicable changes that deem taken place in the commonwealth of intimate births, causing developments that shake teleological understanding. u tilize the American society as its model, Giddens (1992) cited that the supposed wiz among conjugal union, rideuality and reproduction has been broken down by these changes and that it represented a new image of what is the new intimate sexual congressship, something that is at equivalence with modernism.\r\nUnder these developments, couples could have through a compassionate marriage, and that it is also manageable to nurture each other without the need to imply the opposite sex or a barbarian as a medium of love. According to Jamieson (1999), what Giddens has cited in his works are probably what people knell or view as â€Å"pure relationship” where intimacy matters less and that relationship itself matters more. This is seen among couples who do non conceive children all throughout their relationship.\r\nHowever, Giddens (1992) cited that the focus of the social order still lies on the heterosexual marriage and that there have been numerous advantages in go in to such relationship. This led into what Giddens (1992) calls â€Å" credit card sex activity” where the news was centered on having attained or surpassed the inevitably of phallus in a relationship. Here, Giddens’ (1992) views intimacy as equal to sexuality. Giri (1994) cited that Giddens’ (1992) use the term phallus to limn the male experience or the intimate moments dual-lane with the human male species.\r\nGiddens (1992) cited that â€Å"plastic sexuality” broads individuals from the necessitate of reproduction which characterizes heterosexual marriage. Much of the analysis of Giddens’ theory of identity will confirm that â€Å"plastic sexuality” commonly refers to the ternionly sex, more commonly know as gays and lesbians. The relationship between individuals of the same sex has been one of the favorite topics of debate as other(a) as the 1990s. It was criticized for beness indecent mainly collect to the concept of having physiologic and emotional relationship with the same sex.\r\nGiri (1994) cited that same sex relationships became a taboo, and were regarded as quasi(prenominal) to incest relationships. Yet in the work of Giddens (1992), he cited that â€Å"plastic sexuality” was a decentralized form of sexuality which is non bound by traditional or conventional relationships. This is the reason why m either have viewed Giddens’ (1992) work as something out of the ordinary, and at par with the changes occurring in society (Giri, 1994). As mentioned earlier, he brought a new definition to intimacy and expanded its application to a certain degree.\r\nUsing the American and European society as its model, Giddens (1991) showed the slip of intimacy to a new degree. Giddens (1991) cited that the third sex †lesbians and gays †aside from being involved in â€Å"plastic sexuality” are also tied with what he calls reflexive sexuality. This is where an individual’s se xuality serves as a seat of oneself, while having its own qualities. However, the evolution of intimacy has produced transmutations of biological categories, between male and female, such as the adulteration of the male’s sexual organ.\r\nThe core mood in Giddens’ (1991) view of intimacy is close to the degradation of the male’s phallus or the juncture of the male’s sexual organ, and the fortification of the third sex. By emphasizing a relationship that is free from reproduction and moving off from the confines of the heterosexual marriage, Giddens (1991) in immediately pointed his views of intimacy as being directly justifying lesbians and gays relationships. In his work, he cited that women could now see men on the cognitive level at the real least. Schiffrin (1996) cited that it emphasized gender empowerment in hurt of being involved in a relationship.\r\nHe also supported one of Giddens’ (1991) view closely self-identity in which frag mentation versus unification influences the formation or development of self-identity. In here, Giddens’ (1991) view of intimacy moves away from the widely perceived; although it still pays importance to physical contact, its significance lies in its support and empowerment of the third sex. As cited, Giddens (1991) also has views about the formation and development of self-identity. Unification versus fragmentation was cited earlier and there are still three other dichotomies of self-identity.\r\nUnification and fragmentation in simpler terms mainly focus on what cultural patterns offer against an individual whose self evaporated into a variegated setting of action. Giddens (1991) cited that an individual constructs himself within the boundaries of his environment, culture or even his own parents. Unification is all based on the emulation of something or someone that is recognized by the public (Giddens, 1991). On the other hand, fragmentation represents individuals who a djust themselves in relation to what is essential or demanded in a particular scenario or environment.\r\nSchiffrin (1996) cited this as â€Å"authoritarian conformity,” wherein an individual adapts to its surroundings until he is barely recognizable. The dilemma between the two is that the unbent self would feel empty and inauthentic (Giddens, 1991), and anything else could not fill it easily. The end result is likely an individual who acts and behaves reasonably or appropriately in bm of the public, bringing in a sense of psychologically security; and yet the same individual may be feeling empty in relation to his true self. The second dimension is that of impotence versus appropriation.\r\nGiddens (1991) cited that powerlessness focuses on the alienation suffered by individuals in the context of modern society. Under the influence of capitalistic production, the individual loses its dominance over machines and markets. Giddens (1991) cited that in the process, what us ed to be human now seems alien and that in the questionable â€Å"mass society”, as such society becomes more extensive, individuals are more sheared with autonomy. On the other hand, Giddens (1991) describes appropriation as a complex picture between extensional and intentional change in a world under speedy globalization.\r\nIt is a form of expropriation, wherein an individual undergoes a transformation that is characterized as disembedding, and moving away from the interest of any actors. Giddens (1991) also cited that it could also be a form of mastery of life only available in modern situations. Moreover, according to Giddens (1991), an individual would feel engulfed, being dominated by force that he could not transcend or resist. Unlike the first dilemma, in here, the dominating forces are compelling. The individual ends up having a feeling of helplessness due to loss of his autonomy.\r\n'

'Dietary Supplements Report Essay\r'

' dietetical extensions be products intended for ingestion as supplements to the diet. Dietary supplements can have vitamins, herbs, enzymes, extracts, plant substances, amino group acids, botanicals, and concentrates. supplys argon beneficial to the body because they can call down the nutrients in foods, aid in weight loss, fork out energy, cure illnesses, optimize health, and protect against maladys. If a individual does non consume enough nutrients because of a disease or eating habits dietetical supplements are extremely beneficial.\r\nThere are certain groups that benefit around from dietary supplements; pregnant women, vegetarians, dieters, and the elderly. An increase of folic acid and bid is needed to reduce the risk of defects and forbid anemia. Vegetarians should betroth vitamin B12 because they do not eat animal foods which retard more vitamin B12 than both other food source. If a person eats less than 1200 calories when on a diet, they leave behind not ge t the amount of nutrients needed. If dieters prepare a multi-vitamin they will meet the daily recommendations for nutrients.\r\nAnyone oer the age of 50 should take calcium, Vitamin D, and B12 to maintain a healthy life. Calcium and vitamin D will avail keep the bones strong, lower blood pressure, and stay diseases similar osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis. Vitamin B12 will promote midriff health and fight fatigue. There are many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) risks when winning dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are not regulated or tested by the U. S. fare and Drug governing body (FDA) for side effects in advance they are available to consumers (â€Å"The skinny on dietary supplements,” 2008).\r\nDietary supplements are also harmful because they chink chemicals that can be harmful. Some supplements contain non-essential hormones and enzymes. Dietary supplements may cause medications, over-the-counter or prescribed, to race differently or not at all. When taking any supplement it is important to read the gauge and ask a physician before taking the supplement to reduce chances of toxicity. Many people phone dietary supplements provide all the nutrients needed to oppose a healthy diet; they are tho part of a ealthy diet (Grosvenor, 2006). As say earlier, the government does not regulate dietary supplements as they do other foods and drugs (â€Å"U. S. Food and Drug Administration: Dietary Supplements”, 2013). In 1994 the government created the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The act states manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the product is safe before it is limit on the market. If the product is unsafe after it is on the market the FDA is responsible for taking action to invent the issue.\r\nThe FDA is responsible for providing product information and literature. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure all ingredients are listed on the labels of the product and th e information is true. The manufacturer has to submit reports for any supplement that has any type of negative reaction. The FDA implement a Dietary Supplement Current faithful Manufacturing Practice (CGMPs) that all personnel in the connection must follow to ensure quality control. Supplements are needed by people with life-threatening diseases like kidney failure.\r\nPeople that have kidney failure, depending on the type of dialysis they use, peritoneal or hemodialysis. Peritoneal dialysis uses osmosis and diffusion through the peritoneal cavity to take up waste and fluid; this serve well causes a lack of potassium, magnesium, and morning star. Hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney to remove wastes and fluids from the blood; this process causes a lack of phosphorus, iron, and epogen. The gross bond between both types of dialysis is the lack of phosphorus.\r\ndaystar supplements are used to strengthen the bones of dialysis patients, prevent renal bone disease, and keep the heart healthy. The venereal disease varies from patient to patient, depending on the food intake. If the patient does not take the prescribed dose they experience many different effects. If too much of the phosphorus supplement is ingested, itching will occur. If not enough phosphorus is ingested, weakness will occur and bones will begin to get brittle causing them to break.\r\n'