summer flower :: essays research papers

As we walked among the flowers we began to tremble. He said to her what a wonderful world. Oh my she explained to her husband of fifteen thousand years. And from there on they became universally involved. after(prenominal) reading Mervyn Peakes short story Same Time, Same Place, it is apparent that the author intended to create a story based around envisage. Customarily, fantasy is mistaken for stories that include abstract creatures and inconceiv subject story lines. Under these circumstances one would then conclude that Peakes short story may not in fact be categorized to such an extent. However, when the formal definition of fantasy is applied to this story it becomes evident that Peake does more than hint at a story based around make believe. Fantasy can be better understood as one of two types of non-realistic fiction, the other being information fiction. In this case fantasy resembles the psychological state of fantasy in that it provides the reader with an experience of li beration similar to that provided by a daydream. Fantasy typically contains 1) a wizardly world in which liberating events can plausibly take place and 2) main characters with whom the reader closely identifies and through whom he or she enters the magical world. Now, in order to relate this formal definition to Peakes short story, it is more applicable to break down the definition of fantasy and apply necessity parts from the short story.Of the many characters mentioned in the story, only one proved identifiable. From the opening lines, the narrator and main character is the first character the reader is able to identify. The young man we first come across seems responsible for the curious and sympathetic feelings the reader obtains. The narrator proclaims that his life of twenty three years has been aught more than a bore to him, and perhaps he is having trouble with his own personal identification among his family. His time spent at home has left him to need with hatred that has accumulated from being around his parents and not knowing his role in the family. Specifically, he deals with a father who is constantly consumed with cigarette smoke and a moustache that drives him crazy. He hates his mother who wears tasteless and fussy clothes and he even hates the appearance the heels of her shoes were worn away on their outside edges. The way in which he describes his hatred provides more reasoning as to why the reader is apt to feeling sorrow and sympathy.

Lextura Dantis :: The Divine Comedy

Dante varies his presentation greatly throughout Malebolge. separately bolgia has its own particular atmosphere, and the abrupt tonal and structural shifts between them make the move from bolgia to bolgia a miscellany of styles and techniques. But no shift is so striking as that between the eighth and ninth, in which the reader leaves a bolgia marked by two eloquent, look for dramatic monologues for one characterized by pithy, epigrammatic comments. The heroic exhortation of Ulysses and the sinuous self-revelation of Guido da Montefeltro give way to the truncated, compressed rhetoric of Mohammed, Pier da Medicina, Mosca, and Bertran de Born. The preceding bolgia begs for psychological readings the latter frustrates them. The structures of these cantos present a similar incongruity. Ulysses and Guido are given ample opportunity for leisurely expansion, and their stories have a smooth development and denouement. Each is the absolute star of his canto, and Dante records both their coming and going with reverent attention. Inferno XXVIII, however, presents a rapid succession of scenes, and the cuts between them are as savage and mordant as those delivered by the devil to the damned. The canto seems unified only by Dantes desire to present the contrapasso in as many ways as he can. Those who sowed be in life are hewn in imaginative ways __ Mohammed split from chin to anus, Ali sliced from chin to hairline, Pier da Medicina clipped and nicked in different places, Curios tongue hacked out, Moscas arms lopped off, and Bertran de Born neatly decapitated __ a near Baroque variation on a single theme. One execration follows on the heels of another, and each permutation replaces the memory of the earlier one. Despite this profusion in the particulars of the punishments, the structure of the twenty-eighth canto is relentlessly schematic. The canto can be easily carve up into six compact episodes, four of which are fundamentally identical __ even so mewhat repetitive. The canto begins with a familiar epic gesture the ineffability topos. Dante despairs of ever doing justice to what he must describe (vv. 1-6) Chi poria mai pur con parole scioltedicer del sangue e de le piaghe a pienochi ora vidi, per narrar pi volte? Ogne lingua per certo verria menoper lo nostro sermone e per la mente

Essay --

8992952/11/14I did not cheatChapters 20-221.Josiah unshakableID An American protestant clergyman, and author of 18471916. Strong was a leader of the Social Gospel movement and preached mainly about the Protestant religious values. Significance Strong wrote a book called Our Country that articulated some of umteen social and religious beliefs.Significance Strong was an important contributor of founding of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ.Significance Strong supported missionary work so that all races could be brought to Christ.2.Yellow JournalismID Journalism that occurred during 1895 that is based upon exaggerations and rudimentary hyperboles.Significance During the Spanish-American war, Yellow Journalism vie a crucial role. It helped drive the United States and Spain into the confrontation in Cuba and the Philippines, which lead to the achievement of foreign territory by the United States.3.Anti-Imperialist unifyID The American Anti-Imperialist League was establish ed in 1898, to battle the American invasion of the Philippines as a limited area.Significance This was unsuccessful.4.MuckrakersID The term muckraker was used to describe the Progressive time reformers.Muckrakers were analytical writers who exploited the evils of society. Some muckrakers were progressives who try to find change.Significance Muckrakers showed how capitalists were cheating the community.Significance At the time of social reform, the Muckrakers raised the awareness of disparity.5.Triangle shirtwaister FireID In 1911, one of the deadliest industrial catastrophes in the history of the city of New York occurred called The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Significance As a result of dangerous working ... ...China. The Open Door Policy was meant to open China for trade and end the policy of influence allowing rivalry.8. WWI had a dramatic impact on feeling at home. Included in your answer the effects of the war on FOUR of the following (a) business, (b) labor, (c) agriculture , (d) minorities, and (e) the Progressive reform movement.After WWI, Americans quickly reduced ranks of its militaries, mevery evacuated, without a job, underappreciated and misconstrued. As well as most of all the farm being destroyed, most of the transportation was demolished so there wasnt any way to get crops into the cities. Since they had to rebuild everything, Farmer prices were high. Women were taking over mens roles in work placements to keep manufacturing and ammunitions assemblies going.9. What obstacles did Wilson face in his quest to fancy peace and democracy throughout the world?

The Broken Healthcare System of The United States Essay -- Healthcare

An issue that is widely discussed and debated concerning the United States economy is our health contend system. The health care system in the United States is not public, meaning that the states does not offer free or affordable health care service. In Canada, France and peachy Britain, for example, the government funds health care through taxes. The United States, on the other hand, opted for another direction and passed the burden of health care spending on individual consumers as well as employers and insurers. In July 2006, the issue was transparency should the American people know the price of the health care service they expend and the results doctors and hospitals achieve? The Wall Street Journal article revealed that U.S. hospitals, most of them nonprofit, charged un-insured patients prices that vastly exceeded those they charged their insured patients. Driving their un-insured patients into bankruptcy. (p. B1) The most expensive health care system in the world is that o f America. I will talk about the health insurance in U.S., the health care in other countries, Jeremy Bentham and can Stuart Mill, and my solution to this problem.The United States health care is structured badly. The insurance companies only look out for themselves they think of ways they can save money not spend it. When you file for health insurance, companies will look through your application and medical records as if it were a murder investigation. They will try to find each flaw possible in your application just so they would not have to pay for your medical bill. The health insurance companies have an extremely gigantic list of medical conditions you may have that they will deny you for. They will reject you if the surgery is considered experimental,... ...on, which consists of not making tons of money, but in destiny people fight their health problems and saving lives. That is why we should have a socialized/publicly funded health care system. To ensure that everyone g ets the proper medical care, no more denying people because they do not have insurance.Works CitedHerzlinger, Regina. Who Killed Health Care? Americas $2 Trillion Medical Problem And The Consumer-Driven Cure. clean York McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print.Lucette, Lagnado. Anatomy of a Hospital Bill, Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2004, p.B1. Print.Moore, Michael, narr. Sicko. Dog Eat Dog Films Weinstein Company, 2007. DVD.Palmer, Donald. Utilitarianism, Does the Center Hold? An Introduction to Western Philosophy. 5th ed. 264-271. Print.Unkown. American Medical Association, The New York Times, June 15, 2009, p.2. Print.

Management of Field Construction Projects Essay -- Construction Manage

The objective of this report is to present and discuss the management of sector construction regorges. These projects involve a great deal of time and expense, so close control and management is paramount if they are to be completed at heart the established time and cost limitations. The term construction management is app fraudd to the provision of professional management services to the owner of a construction project with the objective of achieving high quality with low costs. A specialist project manager organises, schedules, and controls the field work and is responsible for getting the project completed in spite of appearance the time and cost limitations. He acts as the focal point for all facets of the project and brings together the efforts of all organisations having input into the construction process. According to the Journal Your lane to qualifying in Project vigilance, RICS, July 2006. Project Managers occupy a central role in driving successful completion of proj ects. Project Management is a thriving professional discipline much in demand end-to-end the world. Consequently, these chartered professionals can chose from a variety of potential employers including clients and consultants from both the public and mystical sectors with either commercial or not for profit aims.Typically, project managers will be appointed at the beginning of a project and will swear out the client in developing the project brief and then selecting, appointing and co-ordinating the project team. He or She will then usually represent the client throughout the full development process managing the inputs from the client, consultants, contractors and other stakeholders.A key skill that every project manager should possess is being able to keep a proj... ...anager comes in as an enforcer. Subsequently if the client is looking to have more of an input in the construction and allow it to develop or mature oer the course of the construction, a member of the design tea m will be employed to make the design changes either where necessary or where the client has had a change of heart. The member of the design team will also have the ability to ensure the contractor is fully aware of where all the design risks lie over the course of the construction. Works Cited1.Latham, Michael (1994), Constructing the team2.Egan, John (1998), Rethinking Construction3.S. Keoki Sears, Richard Hudson Clough, Glenn A. Sears (2008), Construction Project Management A Practical Guide to Field Construction Management4.Sidney M. Levy (2006), Project Management in Construction5.Raymond Joyce (2001), CDM Regulations Explained

Management of Field Construction Projects Essay -- Construction Manage

The objective of this report is to present and discuss the management of field construction fancys. These projects involve a great deal of time and expense, so conclude control and management is paramount if they are to be completed within the established time and cost limitations. The term construction management is applied to the proviso of professional management services to the owner of a construction project with the objective of achieving high quality with low costs. A specialist project theater director organises, schedules, and controls the field work and is responsible for getting the project completed within the time and cost limitations. He acts as the focal point for all facets of the project and brings together the efforts of all organisations having enter into the construction process. According to the Journal Your Pathway to qualifying in bear Management, RICS, July 2006. Project Managers occupy a central mapping in driving successful completion of projects. Pro ject Management is a thriving professional discipline much in demand throughout the world. Consequently, these rent professionals can chose from a variety of potential employers including clients and consultants from both the public and private sectors with either commercial or not for profit aims.Typically, project managers will be appointed at the beginning of a project and will assist the client in developing the project brief and then selecting, appointing and co-ordinating the project team. He or She will then usually represent the client throughout the full development process managing the inputs from the client, consultants, contractors and other stakeholders.A key skill that either project manager should possess is being able to keep a proj... ...anager comes in as an enforcer. Subsequently if the client is looking to have more of an input in the construction and allow it to develop or mature over the course of the construction, a member of the design team will be apply to make the design changes either where necessary or where the client has had a change of heart. The member of the design team will also have the force to ensure the contractor is fully aware of where all the design risks lie over the course of the construction. Works Cited1.Latham, Michael (1994), Constructing the team2.Egan, John (1998), Rethinking Construction3.S. Keoki Sears, Richard Hudson Clough, Glenn A. Sears (2008), Construction Project Management A Practical Guide to Field Construction Management4.Sidney M. Levy (2006), Project Management in Construction5.Raymond Joyce (2001), CDM Regulations Explained

The Clusters Psy

Whenever I am with my friends they are constantly telling me to be quiet be suit of clothes I never stop talk I Just do non like it to be quiet. I have that I am the life of the party I also do this at work with my co-workers I Just like to talk I feel I have a mouth to express myself and be heard. Openness to discover I feel is another that describes me well because along with always thinking and talking I an very Curious to pick out a little most everything. I feel that I can mark about different things forever, and that I can always learn how to do something I already know a deferent more efficient way.Curiosity never hurt anyone I believe the world Is full of umpteen mysteries and we must unlock and discover them to learn what they are. I also find myself building thing without the instructions not because I do not need them, but because I am remaining to see if I can create what I am building without them. Even if do not know something on a subject I will sometimes act as if I do because I want to see how gullible race are, and I also know many facts about everything so it is easy to believe me.Using agreeableness I would weigh myself to be ruthless and soft-hearted why, because I tend to be easygoing and am word form to people I know, but if I do not know you I am not going to be nice to you. Do not provoke me wrong though even with people I know I can turn on if they give me a good cause to snap on them. People who hitch for rides I feel bad for and even though I do not know them I feel I am doing a good deed for the day by offering them a ride. I will never give them money though and support their habit unless I was to take them directly to buy food.The reason for this impassion is because I have been in there shoes needing a ride and pass to my destination through rain, sleet, snow, or any whether and I feel for them. This is because I wished someone would stop for me and nobody ever did. I do not consider myself someone to make mad or d o wrong to because I hold grudges and will obtain my revenge on you I never lay to rest those who do me wrong. I am not afraid to delete a good friend or bad friend out of my life because of a problem and issue we are facing. There are many more people that I can meet, and get to know better than hem.Like I tell before I never forget this means that I will get revenge on you eventually whether It Is In the same day, days, month, years absent I will get you back. The payback that I dish out will be plenty worse than whatever you did to me also. I feel that the soul I am today fits Into these categories the best when describing myself using the five traits of personality. BY Mickeys Explain, in 200 to 300 words where you think you fall within the spectrum of each. Of people tell me to be quiet I cannot help it.That is Just the type of person I am. I like to because along with always thinking and talking I an very curious to know a little always learn how to do something I already know a different more efficient way. Curiosity never hurt anyone I believe the world is full of many mysteries and we must see if I can create what I am building without them. Even if I do not know something eventually whether it is in the same day, days, month, years away I will get you back. Feel that the person I am today fits into these categories the best when describing

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences: Law and Its Effectiveness

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM familiar OFFENCES LAW AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS *INTRODUCTION peasanthood is considered to be the some crucial phase of human growth and excessively the most memorable one. It is much more than just the space between birth and the increase of adulthood. It is a precious time in which fryren should live free from fear, safe from violence and cheered from blackguard and victimization. Its time for churlren to be in take and at processground, to grow strong and confident with the love and encour be onment of the family and an reported community of caring adults.But what if the tikehood becomes a never ending nightm atomic number 18? A sisterhood where tike refuses to go to school standard forward of an unusual fear? A childhood where he refuses to play outside as he is frighten to be surrounded by people? Just imagine a childhood when his own house, the safest place for a child turns out to be an ontogeny camp by his own inmates. The entire c hildhood take a crap plundered We rear endt imagine of anything more horrific. The stories of crime and exploitation of children is every(prenominal) almost us. We read virtually them in the papers, watch them in news and see hundreds of children being exploited as we go about our everyday lives.As per a turn over conducted by Ministry of women and child de stir upment, 53 percent of children in India check suffered some kind of raiseual ill- considerment in their childhood and the more shocking item is that unlike the ordinary nonion, 50 percent clapperclawrs be seen to the child or in a position of trust or responsibility. *CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE DEFINED Child abuse may be emotional, mental, sensual or knowledgeable and encompasses a much wider gamut of actions . On the former(a) hand Child versed abuse is that which targets informality and/or sexual organs, involves sexual gestures, words, pictures, actions.Its the most heinous manifestation of abuse of children as it traumatizes the child for the full-length behavior in all ways, sexually, physically, psychologically and socially, leaving behind a scarred childhood and a disillusioned adulthood caused by the past memories. correspond WHO, child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does non fully comprehend, is unable to give fancy to or that violates the laws or social taboos of purchase order. While releasing the Report on Child abuse in India, 2007, Women and child Development minister, Renuka Chaudhary said child abuse is shrouded in secrecy and here is a conspiracy of silence around the entire subject. Both the government and the NGOS working(a) in this field find it difficult to get the accurate data. *INDIAN CONSTITUTION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND THE LEGISLATIVE LAWS RECOGNITION OF THE CHILD RIGHTS AND THEIR PROTECTION Looking into the details of child abuse in India, our legal framework and the relevant legislations, Indian constituti on recognising the vulnerable position of children and various crimes against children that argon linked to sexual abuse provides for their testimonial from such offences.Article 15 provides for special attention to children through necessary and special laws and policies that safeguard their inte abide. Article 23 provides shelterion against human trafficking and forced labour. Article 24 and 39 specifically prohibits children from engaging in hazardous employment and cheerion from exploitation respectively. Thus Indian constitution has provided for a framework which serves as a direction to the legislature to make child protection laws.Indias commitment to the issue is also emboldened by the fact that India is a signatory terra firma to the UN Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989. One important regional group here is the SAARC convention on preventing and combating trafficking in women and children, 2002. Looking at the legislative laws the parliament of India recently p assed Protection of children from sexual offences execute, 2012. The act has filled a glaring lacuna in the law. We provide get into the details of the Act at the later pegleg of the essay as the law has just come into force and we are yet to see its impact.To appreciate the new act we have understand the memoir of child sexual abuse laws in India and their effectiveness so far. Before the above mentioned law was passed the slip-ups of child sexual abuse were dealt under the following elements of IPC. piece 375 defines rape section 376 provides for the punishment of rape which shall not be little than seven years but which may extend to ten years unless the women raped is his own wife and is not under twelve years of age in which case, he shall be imprisoned with a term which may extend to devil years or fine or both.When the girl is less than 12 years or where the rapist is a soul in authority (in a hospital, childrens home, a police station etc. ), the punishment is gre ater section 377 which relates to unnatural offences. This section is generally invoked when son children are sexually abused section 354 which deals with outraging the modesty of a woman or a girl and section 509, which relates to insulting the modesty of a woman. The ordinary criminal laws are add uply inadequate to protect the children from sexual abuse.IPC does not blot the term child sexual abuse. Firstly section 375 restricts itself to just penile penetration. secondly it does not treat forced sexual intercourse by a husband against the wife (above 15 years) as an offence. thirdly there is no statutory definition of modesty. It carries a weak penalty and is a compoundable offence. Moreover it does not address outraging the modesty of a male child. Fourthly sexual offences against men are covered under section 377 which does not cover the offence adequately. The term unnatural offence in not defined.It only applies to victims penetrated by their attackers sex act, and is no t designed to criminalize sexual abuse of children . Lastly and most importantly IPC laws relating to sexual offences are not gender neutral. This is due to an age capacious falsehood that only effeminates are sexually abused and only males are abusers leaving the female abusers out. But the 2007 Report has given a severe blow to this farsighted standing myth which revealed that out of total child victims, 52. 94 percent were boy children. Yes Its shocking. Male children are equally vulnerable and a boy being raped does make upBesides IPC, there are other legislations also. Obscenity and pornography are dealt under the Young persons (harmful publications) Act, 1956. A unripe person means a person under the age of 20 years. It is an offence to sell, let, hire, distribute or publically exhibit harmful publications. Other than this under section 67 of the In instituteation Technology Act, 2000 publication and transmission of pornography through the internet is an offence. The Juv enile Justice Act, 2000 deals primarily with children in conflict with the law and their rehabilitation.It does not provide adequately for children in need or identify offences against child victims * In addition to children other than those who are abused within their family by their relatives or friends or by strangers at any public place, there are three organised form of sexual abuse of children which are globally prevelant and form a major percentage of sexually abused children. And these three forms are trafficking in human, child labour and child marriage. Human Trafficking as defined in the Un isthe recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of the threat or use of force or other forms f coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the take of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploita tion. victimisation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or service, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. Quoting from an article written by Havovi wadia Among the Naths of Bihar, prostitution is a way of life.When a family doesnt have a daughter, girls are purchased from other parts of the state and pushed into sex work so that the family can live off their earnings. Children who work as domestic help labour, or help in hotels and restaurants, are susceptible to sexual abuse at the hands of employers and customers. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention)Act protects children below the age of 16 from being used for the purposes of commercial sex. Immoral trafficking of children who generally leads to prostitution is one of the most heinous manifestations of violence against children.The US Department of State trafficking in Person report have placed India in Tier II watch lean for a second consecutive year for having failed to combat human trafficking. A number of children go missing every year some are interchange by their families, some are kidnapped, others lured by the promise of a better life both for themselves and their kin. According to CRY (Child Rights and You). * 8,945 children go missing every year. * 500,000 children are estimated to be forced into the sex trade every year * Approximately 2 million child commercial sex workers are between the ages of 5 and 15 years * Approximately 3. million child commercial sex workers are between 15 and 18 years * Children form 40% of the total population of commercial sex workers * 80% of these children are found in the five metros Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Bangalore * 71% of them are illiterate. Child marriage gives the abuser a societal passport to sexually abuse the child. Child marriage is practiced globally but it is especially prevalent in India where more than one third of all child brides live. According to UNICEF, 47% of girls are married by 18 years of age, and 18% are married by 15 years of age.A knowledge conducted inIndiaby International research centre for womenshowed that girls married before 18 years of age are twice as likely to be beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbandsand three times more likely to experience sexual violence. Young brides a great deal show symptoms of sexual abuse and power traumatic stress. Though the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 makes the practice of marrying girls under the age of 18 and boys under the ageof 21 punishable but its carrying into action has not been very effective. We can still find minor couple tying the knot on Akkha teej, a summer festival believed to be kind for wedding.This is gross violation of law. Many in urban slum areas get their children married young to protect them from sexual abuse. Once a girl attains puberty she begins to be seen as sexually available. For some parents marriage is the only way to ensure that the girl is unavailable to others for abuse. The 2007 Report reveals the percentage of child sexual abuse is highest in work areas, which is 61. 61 percent. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 Section 26 (Exploitation of Juvenile or Child Employee) provides for punishment if a person procures a recent for hazardous employment.The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation Act) was enacted in 1986, to specifically address the situation ofchildren in labour. However, this law distinguishes between hazardous and non-hazardous forms of labour, and identifies certain processes and occupations from which children are command from working. It leaves out a large range of activities that children are engaged in and are exploited and abused. The large-scale exploitation and abuse of children employed in domestic work and hotels are cases in point.The other abuse Child trafficking is one of the most heinous manifestations of violence against chi ldren. *PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT, 2012 ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND A lively ANALYSIS Now coming to the recent legislation which has addressed the various loop holes in the existing laws to a great extent is the Protection of children from sexual offences Act, 2012 . Its a historic law . Though India became a signatory to the UN convention on the rights of the child back in 1992 but it took India twenty long years to enact a separate law dealing with the offences against children.The Act is headway stronger than all the earlier child sexual abuse laws. The Act, on the lines of the UN convention defines a child as any person below the age of 18 years and provides protection to all the children from the offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography. These offences have been clearly defined for the first time in law. Firstly it acknowledges and engages with sexual crimes of all kinds real/virtual penetrative/ non- penetrative homosexual/ heterosexual/ coarse verbal/ physical.This is a major improvement on the earlier situation, when child sexual abuse was clubbed with sexual abuse of adults. Secondly it acknowledges that sexual violations can be of various kinds and that in the case of children, the state must take a clear punitive stand on any kind of sexual violation. Thirdlyit is gender inclusive, accepting that the perpetrators as well as the victims may be either male or female. It is otherwise mutually assumed that sexual abuse can only be initiated by a male upon a female.Fourthly it lays down stringent punishments (up to life imprisonment) for a broad range of sexual crimes such as nonpenetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography. Fifthly the legislation is also marked by the introduction of special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an unreactive justice delivery system. These include measures for recording a childs evidence, for protecting h is or her identity and for providing children with assistance and expertise from professionals in the fields of psychology, social work and so on.Sixthly for speedy trials the Act has provided for the establishment of special courts and the evidence of the child to be recorded within a period of 30 days. Also, the Special Court is to sleep with the trial within a period of one year, as far as possible. And lastly giving due attention to vulnerability and innocence of children the Act has put the onus of innocence on the accused. The present act is certainly welcoming and addresses the sexual offences against children effectively and efficiently. The bill has taken a comprehensive suppose and has broadened the sphere of child sexual abuse.That said there is one provision of the Act which has sparked controversy and that is the age of consent. Eighteen has been kept the age of consent and any sexual activity between consenting adolescents would be considered criminal. People from c ontrary sections of the federation and those working in the field of child rights have shown their dissimilitude with the view taken. Since this Act criminalises any sexual activity with persons under the age of 18 years (even if it is consensual), is said that the police may misuse it to harass the young ouples or parents may use this law to control olden children sexual deportment. Additional sessions judge Kamini Lau,of a Delhi court ,while acquitting a youth of the charges of kidnapping and raping a 17-and-a-half-year-old girl, to whom he got married and is now having a child with, called the said provision of the Act of increasing the age of consent from 16 to18 to be regressive and Draconian. The remarks were made while referring to the conditions in western countries where there are adequate safeguards for protection against sexual offences. No doubt, there is an urgent need to protect children from sexual offences, harassment and pornography but at the same time it is nec essary to ensure a close-in-age reprieve and a lenient view in case of close-in-relationship as adopted by various western countries where there is no exploitative coercive situation including impersonation, fraud, fear, threat and false promises. The need is to correct this behaviour and not punish she said. Flavia Agnes in Indianexpress said that the age of consent for sexual intercourse has always been contested.In 1860, 10 years was the stipulated minimum age. But the furore caused by the death of an 11-year-old girl at the hands of her 35-year-old husband through forcible penetration led to the raising of the age of consent to 12 years in 1892. Later, during the nationalist motility, when womens groups entered the political arena, they highlighted the adverse effects of early pregnancy upon womens health, and demanded that the age of consent to marriage and sexual intercourse be raised(a) to 14 years. Then, the age was raised to 15 years in 1949, and later to 16 years.Consens ual intercourse with a girl under this age was construed as statutory rape. But the provision made a concession to the husband, who was permitted to have sex with his wife if she was above the age of 15. This dichotomy and confusion persists as the age of marriage under the Hindu Marriage Act and the Prohibition of child marriage act is 18 years and 21 years for a female and a male respectively. The proposed bill aims to resolve this confusion by stipulating a uniform age for marriage as well as sex, and inadvertently contributes to a puritanical notion that marriage and sex are synonymous.Ms Taparia, founder of Mumbai-based organization Arpan which works in the field of child sexual abuse says We need to treat the bracket of ages 16 to 18 differently. If a child is raped, then you bring it under the judicial purview, but if its consensual sex between two people who are both within the age bracket 16 to 18 years, then it shouldnt be criminalized. Puberty is coming earlySo its regres sive to take the age of legal sex to 18 years. *RESPONSIBILTY OF CHILD PROTECTION Children are vulnerable sections of the society which needs concern and protection for their normal growth.Children are primarily considered to be the responsibility of their family. Its true that there is no substitute of familys love and care and their cant be a better place for a child to live in but what if their own house turns out to be an exploitation camp? For the formation of a protective environment at macro level and for the proper enforcement of child laws its the collective responsibility of the family, community, civil society and the state. India has always been on a denial mode when it comes to incest. But the truth is rather shockingA report from RAHI, a Delhi based NGO working with child sexual abuse titled Voices from the Silent Zone, suggests that nearly three-quarters of upper and middle class Indian women are abused by a family member often an uncle, a cousin or an elder brother . The infamous Incest Mira Road case rocked the whole plain. The girl victim said in her financial statement that in that location were times when I had given up on life completely. When a child is in trouble, he first approaches her parents for help and protection, but who would protect me from my own father who had behaved like a beast? Who is to look after children in such a situation?Family certainly is a stakeholder but they couldnt and are not the only protectors. Children are national asset to this country and its the collective responsibility of the family, state, NGOS, community and the civil society to protect them. A child that grows up protected from violence and abuse is more likely to grow up physically and mentally healthy, confident and self-respecting and less likely to abuse or exploit others. By contrast, when children are left unprotected and vulnerable to exploitation and abuse their childhood their rights are fundamentally undermined.It was pointed out in T he Essentials of child protection that ensuring a protective environment is the responsibility the governments, international organisation, civil societies, families and individuals. A protected environment is one in which a child is assured of living in safety and with dignity. It is one that ensures that children are in school, laws are in place to punish those who exploit children, governments are actually committed to protection, communities are aware of the risks that children faces, civil society addresses certain taboo issues and monitoring is in place to identify children who are at risk of exploitation.Children will never be free from exploitation until all levels of the society from the family to the international community work together. *PRESENT LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILDREN COMMISSIONS, POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES The UN convention on the rights of the child has provided for four basic rights to every child and these are survival, give awayment, protection a nd participation. India is a signatory to this convention. To fulfil its commitment we have already mentioned the various legislations that have been enacted to protect the child rights.Other than that to facilitate the laws made, several policies have been enacted. The National policy for children was enacted in 1924. The National charter for children was adopted in 2003. This charter consists of the inherent rights of a child and that the state is duty bound to provide the same. Among other rights it includes protection from economic exploitation and all forms of abuse. Several Ministries and Departments of the Government of India are implementing various schemes and programmes for the benefit of children.Integrated child development service scheme is one such scheme that has taken various other governmental schemes under its purview. Government of India has also set up the childline India foundation, an organization to provide assistance to children. It has a toll free number on which anybody can seek help in the interest of the child. An important step has been taken by the govt with the establishment of National commission for protection of child rights under the commission of the protection of child rights Act, 2005. t is an important step because the Commissions rule is to ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in consonance with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It also provides for the establishment of state commission for the protection of child rights. It mainly aims to decentralize the commission at district and state level so that grass radical problems can be addressed effectively. NEEDED REFORMS IN THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK, GROUND WORK AND OUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHILDREN *Governmental commitment towards child protection The Government has got a very crucial role to play in the creation of protective environment for children by the formulation of effective policies, strong legal framework and programme and allocation of adequate resources to the programme. An exercise of budgeting conducted by Ministry of Women and child Development, revealed that the share of the union budget for children in 2006-2007 was 4. 91%, of this the share of child protection was 0. 34%. According to 2001 census, children constitute 42% of Indias population which is a huge population to look after. And with number they certainly deserve more space and attention in the annual budget. At the programmatic level, the existing mechanism for child protection in India is primarily based on several small schemes implemented by different ministries and department. The need is to centralize these schemes under a single programme which specifically addresses child protection rights. Setting up laws is not enough. Implementation has always been a problem in India.The concerned ministry must ensure that laws are being followed. *A ttitude and Practices It must be ensured that we are living in a society that does not facilitate exploitation. Such as even after strict prohibition laws we still see and read about child marriage, devdasis still exist in many parts of the country, female genital mutilation for the misunderstood religious beliefs, Myths such as sexual intercourse with children cures sexually transmitted diseases (this is rampant in Africa). society must be freed from such practices to create a child friendly environment. Open discussion including civil society and child participation There should be open discussion about sexuality and some basic sex education must be added to the curriculum in schools. Very often children do not even realize that they are being abused. The children must be taught to break the silence and this can be done only by confidence building. The National commission for the protection of child rights has provided for state commissions. Till now 15 states have establish the c ommissions in their states. This should be followed in rest of the sates also.There should be further decentralization at the district and block level. The commission has also stresses on the participation of children. Children are less vulnerable to abuse when they know their rights are not to be exploited and when they know the services available to protect them. In Brazil, the street children have found in the National movement of street boys and girls, a space for participation that has permitted them to become aware of their rights and a platform to fight for their rights. Consulting children can be of immense help to policy makers and planners.In Bangladesh, to develop a national plan of action against sexual abuse and exploitation several children such as those involved in sex work were consulted. close of the childrens recommendation were included in the National plan of 2002 a child task force is also established as a part of monitoring and implementation of the plan. Yout h parliaments both at the national and the state level should be established and this should be extended to street children also other than school going children. If not government than this can also be organized by NGOS. let their voices be heard.It would give them a common platform to discuss their grievances and other issues. Capacity of families and communitiesAll those who interact with childrenparents, teachers, religious leaders alike should observe protective child-rearing practices and have the knowledge, skills, motivation and support to recognize and respond to exploitation and abuse. As pointed out in Report 2007 parents do not speak to children about sexuality as well as physical and emotional changes that take place during their growing years. As a result of this, all forms of sexual abuse that a child faces do not get reported to anyone.It was pointed out in the Report 2007 that the girl, whose mother has not spoken to her even about a basic issue like menstruation, is unable to range her mother about the uncle or neighbour who has made sexual advances towards her. This silence encourages the abuser so that he is emboldened to continue the abuse and to press his emolument to subject the child to more severe forms of sexual abuse. Parents should create friendly relations with their child and tell them about their sexual organs slowly. Children should be told about safe and unsafe touch.Parents should have an I believe you approach and must not blame the children for the abuse. ITS NOT THEIR FAULT Schools can play an important role here. Annual workshops on child protection should be conducted in schools. Every school should also have a grievance cubicle where child counselling can be done. Monitoring, reporting and oversightThere should be monitoring, transparent reporting and oversight of abuses and exploitation. As per Report 2007, only 3. 4 percent of children were found to have reported to the police. Almost 12 percent told their parents where as 72. 1 percent of children kept quiet.Parents, individuals, friends and neighbour should always report the subject field to the police or should at least seek help from any concerned Ngos. Any silence will only encourage the abuse. cultivation Children while constituting 40% of our population are national asset. Their development, protection and safety are not only our responsibility but is essential for the countrys growth as a whole. As we said in the beginning of the essay, its just not the child but entire childhood gets raped. Most of children get raped even before they get to know that there is something called rape, abuse, or sexual assault.In fact the whole society gets raped. There cannot be anything more heinous than sexually targeting the vulnerable children who are absolutely unaware of the perverted thoughts prevailing around them. All the malpractices associated with the children should be seriously looked upon and we need to be more sensitive towards childre n. Protecting children is our collective responsibility. Moreover its high time we replace the word vulnerable with authorise. Our policies should be based on empowering the children. Its their right to have a happy and save childhood.Legislature should make strict and effective laws. The present Protection of children from sexual offences Act, 2012 is certainly the strongest and most effective so far. The government must see that the implementation machinery is working effectively. The various NGOS working for the child rights should watch over a check on the implementation process. This is what they can do. Reporting the matter to the police or to any concerned authority, looking after the child and shift the wall of silence is our responsibility. Give the children what is theirs. All they are asking for is a happy and a safe childhood Submission by- Name Swati Ghildiyal Course LLB, second year College Campus law centre, Faculty of law, Delhi University. 1 . wcd. nic. in/chi ldabuse. pdf 2 . ibid 3 . The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 is the first legally binding international instrument to unified the full range of human rightscivil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It stresses on special care and protection of children worldwide. 4 . http//infochangeindia. org/children/analysis/the-sounds-of-silence-child-sexual-abuse-in-india. html 5 . http//www. state. gov/documents/organization/47255. pdf 6 . http//america. cry. org/site/know_us/cry_america_and_child_rights/statistics_underprivileged_chi. html 7 . http//www. theelders. org/docs/child-marriage-factsheet. pdf 8 . http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/india_statistics. html 9 . United States Agency for International Development, 2007, New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage A planetary Analysis of Factors and Programs, pg. 9 10 . http//www. icrw. rg/child-marriage-facts-and-figures 11 . A lawyer and director of Majlishttp//www. majlisbombay. org 12 . http//www . indianexpress. com/news/consent-and-controversy/948277/ 13 . http//www. arpan. org. in/ 14 . http//www. rahifoundation. org/home. html 15 . http//articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2009-03-21/mumbai/28047758_1_tantrik-hasmukh-rathod-girl 16 . http//www. childlineindia. org. in/pdf/Essentials-of-child-protection-Oct%2008. pdf 17 . http//wcd. nic. in/childabuse. pdf 18 . Child and the Law, by Laxmidhar chouhan, 2008 edition, page no. 48 and 53.

A Worn Path

A Worn Path describes the journey of an elderly black fair sex named capital of Arizona Jackson who walks from her billet to the city of Natchez to get medicine for her sick grandson. The landscape as genus Phoenix perceives it becomes a primary focus of the vividly evoked narrative nature is depicted as alternately beautiful and as an impediment to Phoenixs progress. As she walks, she struggles against intense fatigue and poor eyesight, as well as such obstacles as sticker bushes and barbed wire.The combined effects of her old age, her poor vision, and her poetic view of the world heighten the lyricism and symbolism of the narrative. For example, she mistakes a scarecrow for a bound ghost until she draws close enough to touch its empty sleeve. A particularly tense episode occurs when she encounters a white hunter who appears friendly at first, but then makes a condescending suggestion that she is probably going to town to see Santa Claus. When he inadvertently drops a nickel , Phoenix distracts him and manages to pick it up, feeling that she is stealth as she does so.The hunter suddenly points his gun at her, and while he may have seen her pick up the nickel, it is undecipherable what his actual motivation is for this sonorous gesture. Phoenix, however, does not appear afraid the hunter lowers his gun and she manages to continue on her way unharmed and without returning the nickel. Finally ambit the shining city of Natchez, Phoenix enters the big buildingpresumably a hospitalwhere a nurse questions her about her grandson, asking if he has died.Phoenix remains funnily quiet at first, as if deaf to the nurses questions. She then apologizes, claiming that her memory had suddenly failed herthat for a moment, she could not remember why she had made her long journey. The story concludes with Phoenixs darling description of her grandson, whose throat was hurt several years ago when he swallowed lye. She declares that he is not dead, receives the medicin e for him, along with another nickel, with which she decides to buy him a Christmas extraditea little windmill. A Worn PathA Worn Path describes the journey of an elderly black woman named Phoenix Jackson who walks from her home to the city of Natchez to get medicine for her sick grandson. The landscape as Phoenix perceives it becomes a primary focus of the vividly evoked narrative nature is depicted as alternately beautiful and as an impediment to Phoenixs progress. As she walks, she struggles against intense fatigue and poor eyesight, as well as such obstacles as thorn bushes and barbed wire.The combined effects of her old age, her poor vision, and her poetic view of the world heighten the lyricism and symbolism of the narrative. For example, she mistakes a scarecrow for a dancing ghost until she draws close enough to touch its empty sleeve. A particularly tense episode occurs when she encounters a white hunter who appears friendly at first, but then makes a condescending suggest ion that she is probably going to town to see Santa Claus. When he inadvertently drops a nickel, Phoenix distracts him and manages to pick it up, feeling that she is stealing as she does so.The hunter suddenly points his gun at her, and while he may have seen her pick up the nickel, it is unclear what his actual motivation is for this threatening gesture. Phoenix, however, does not appear afraid the hunter lowers his gun and she manages to continue on her way unharmed and without returning the nickel. Finally reaching the shining city of Natchez, Phoenix enters the big buildingpresumably a hospitalwhere a nurse questions her about her grandson, asking if he has died.Phoenix remains strangely quiet at first, as if deaf to the nurses questions. She then apologizes, claiming that her memory had suddenly failed herthat for a moment, she could not remember why she had made her long journey. The story concludes with Phoenixs heartfelt description of her grandson, whose throat was injured several years ago when he swallowed lye. She declares that he is not dead, receives the medicine for him, along with another nickel, with which she decides to buy him a Christmas presenta little windmill.

Describe Your Learning Style

Running head How Do I Learn Best How Do I Learn Best Kelli Powell Grand Canyon University NRS 429V September 30, 2012 What is a nurture style? Well a learning style is the way a person tends to learn best. It involves your preferred method of taking in, organizing, and making sense of information, Lake Washington Institute of Technology (2012). Some people prefer to learn by doing and touching, others prefer to learn by seeing, or by hearing the information. Still others learn using more than one learning style.If a person was enkindle in finding out what their grumpy learning style is would be to take the VARK questionnaire for learning styles. The near common learning style is the multimodal, but the bookman can switch from one type of learning style to another depending on what the subject is being learned and or their mood, Fleming (2011). After taking the VARK questionnaire, Multimodal learning styles was assessed as the learning style of choice. The multimodal learning envi ronments allow instructional elements to be presented in more than one sensory mode (visual, aural, written, and kinesthetic), Sankey, Birch & Gardiner (2010).In this particular case visual and kinesthetic were the dominate methods of learning. Strategies of learning that this person uses are highlighting and underlining notes, grouping subjects together with a certain color highlighter, use of charts, graphs and images to cooperate them learn the subject matter. They would also make graphs or note cards with the information placed in sequenced that they can take with them, listen to music dapple withdrawing and try to make the material personal to them and others that they know.They would also break their study time up into small sections so that it would not seem so overwhelming. As a multimodal learner they would be very adaptable to the different learning styles as they could adapt more easily to different situations and learning environments. For fount if their instruct or was only doing a verbal lecture an auditory learner may want to sit towards the front of the room away from windows and doors so that in that location was less distractions.As a visual learner they would try to take notes during the lecture, would color code their notes, and pay attention to any visual aids that were being used. Where a kinesthetic learner would ask questions and participate in discussions, take a laptop for notes so that they are doing something actively with their hands during lectures, consider taking a three hour class versus one three hour class, Student Development Centre (2009). As a multimodal learner, it is easier to learn when doing more than just study a textbook as it harder to understand than when doing something that is interactive.As a multimodal learner some adjustments that they would need to make in their study habits would be to not to try and do the assignment all at the end of the week. By starting at the beginning of the week they would be able to break the assignment down into smaller sections so that it would not seem so overwhelming when typing a paper. Other changes that they would need to make would be finding an area and time to study where there were fewer interruptions. The use of more visual aids, for example outline of topic in chart or diagram format.This would help them keep tag of where things fit together in their subjects and projects. The major benefit of having a multimodal learning style is that it allows students to experience learning in ways in which they are most comfortable, while challenging them to experience and learn in other ways as well. Someone who is a multimodal learner, that learners on more than one level tends to have a deeper processing of the information, maintains their attention span longer, making the information easier to understand and remember. Sankey, Birch & Gardiner (2010).The VARK Questionnaire Results My scores were * Visual 11 * Aural 6 * Read/Write 9 * Kinesthetic 11 You have a multimodal (VRK) learning preferenceReference Lake Washington Institute of Technology, Learning Styles Why do They Matter? , Retrieved from http//www. lwtech. edu/ one-third on September 26, 2012 Sankey, M. , Birch, D. & Gardiner, M. (2010) Engaging students through multimodal learning environments The journey continues. In C. H. Steel, M. J. Keppell, P. Gerbic S. Hopusego (Eds. ), Cirriculum, technology transformation for an unknow future. Proceedings ascilite Sydney 2010 (pp. 852-863). http//ascilite. org/au/conferences/sydney10/procs/Sankey-full. pdf Student Development Centre, The University of westward Ontario (2009), Learning Skills Services, Handouts & Advice, Learning Styles & Preferences, Retrieved from www. sdc. uwo. ca/learning/index/html? styles on September 29, 2012 Fleming, N. D. , (2011), VARK A Review of Those Who Are Multimodal, Retrieved from http//www. vark-learning. com/english/page_content/multimodality. htm on September 23, 2012

Barney’s View of Our World

Barneys (2007) shows on visiting the zoo as salubrious as play reading were fantastic in that they revealed an extremely peaceful view of our world. As a matter of fact, the message of both of these shows was founded on the linguistic rule of friendship. Barneys song in both shows, I love you/ You love me/ Were a happy family/ With a dandy big hug and a kiss from me to you/ Wont you say you love me too? is sensational not only because it focuses on family and love, but also for the reason that it does not conduce any room for negativity in human relations.The children on Barneys shows did not fight at all, neither did they try to beat others in non-homogeneous rivalrys. Rather, each childs individuality was recognized and valued. Barneys show on visiting the zoo expressed the childs sense of curiosity in a wonderful way. The children had gone to the zoo for a trip of exploration. Moreover, the children were divided by age. Nevertheless, each child knew what was relevant for h is or her age group. The junior children did not envy the older children because the latter were more knowledgeable neither did the older children envy the cuteness of the younger.Rather, they all showed respect for the knowledge given them and they treasure their togetherness. The show on play reading undoubtedly described reading as fun. Barney sang a song with the children Books are fun/ Books are great/ Lets sit down with a book today. All children danced and then sat with books through the song. The show also had a segment on art work. In this, all children drew and painted, without anybody trying to dress hat the others through superior art.The theme of both shows was friendship with respect to learning. The message was We learn best when we are with friends, when we are positive and happy rather than negative and BARNEYS VIEW OF OUR WORLD Page 2 sad. Furthermore, there is no tension of competition among Barney and his friends. He is a great group leader for the children, who follow him and love him absolutely.Although our culture is defined by competition, and violence rather than peace is on the newsworthiness channel, Barneys television shows remind us about our true universal values. Jesus comes to mind at this point, because he had said that adults must become equal children before they can find their way to Heaven. In this way, Barneys theme and message are totally applicable in our culture, seeing that most of us believe in Jesus words. Many children learn about competition very early in life. This competition is often sibling-related.In school, children may start competing for higher(prenominal) ranks. All the same, every individual would like the sense of humaneness whereby everybody is recognized for his or her own talents and skills. Such is the message of Barney, taking us back to perhaps the neonate stage of life when it really did not matter how better or worse we were with respect to others. It may very well be that Jesus was talk about this newborn stage of life when he mentioned that we must become like children in order to find our way.It is obvious that Barney is not depicting our certain culture in the conditions we live through today. Rather, the show is reminding us about our true universal values values that everybody forming a part of our culture believes in, unconsciously or consciously. BARNEYS VIEW OF OUR WORLD Page 3 References 1. Barney. (2007, March 5-6). Television. Nick Junior.

Once Upon a time x constant image of your face

Guilt is a common liveliness that humans feel when they have d whiz something wrong. The poets Gabriel Okra and Dennis brutes both express this feeling of guilt in their mortalae backgrounds. Therefore, okras Once upon a Time and brutes It is the Constant Image of Your Face are poems portrayed with guilt, but they show it in different situations. The tree trunk of both poems have a specific situation happening. In the poem Once upon a Time the persona wishes to be young again an halt all the lessons he has taught himself.He admits of having to put on a mask depending on who he is in company with, however he wishes to return to his childhood eld when he would laugh a honest laughter. The persona speaks to his son about the times when people WOUld Seem to be sincere and caring when dealing with one another. In the poem It is the Constant Image of Your Face the persona chooses his woman over his county. The persona looks at his love for his country along with his mistress and the h eartbreak that is inflicted with his choices.The persona admits that they goatnot make excuses for his mistress does not take precedence over the personae country, however he still commits swindle against his country by being seduced by his mistresss beauty and protection. The persona hopes that his country will forgive him for choosing his mistress. In both the poems the personae give a feeling of guilt in their events. In the poem Once Upon a Time the poet creates contrast been heart and faces. Hearts suggest a deep honest feeling and emotion.Thus, when people shook hands with their hearts, their emotion was true and real. However, when they laugh With their teeth, not with their eyes. This suggests that the eyes are like the windows of the soul thus letting us see how a person truly feels. In the second poem, It is the Constant Image of Your Face the persona reflects on the image of someone he cares for. The persona admits that both him and his mistress can plead excuses for hi s behavior because the woman does not take precedence over his country. He is also feeling guilt and sadness because of what he has done.He has committed treason against his country and he hopes his country will pardon him because of his love for his country and woman. The two poems show contrast through literary devices. Personifications and oxymoron are used by the poets in their poems. In the poem it is the Constant Image of Your Face the phrase hearts Treachery is an oxymoron used.

I Never Sang for My Father – Family Therapy

turkey cock Garri password was a mayor of a runty t avow in Westchester County and highly respected by the community only when most did not be intimate that he was distant, cold and egocentric with his family. He had a negative kinship with his own drive and idealised his mother. He drove his daughter a behavior when she decided to marry a Jew, and alienated his son with his egocentricity, religious rite storytelling and possessiveness. tom has a history of world abusive toward his children, as Alice described to ingredient, he beat you when you were a kid. Youve hated and feargond him all your adult emotional state. Even Margaret admits that she suffered neglect from her hubby.Toms behavior causes difficulty forming close kinships with his family, and his strained blood with his son peaks after his wife dies. Neither of them come what to do without her and they start to argue again. He shows 2 different sides of himself to the world and his family. His history seems to postulate impacted the way he interacts with his family members. He was distant from his father and is repeating that pattern with his own wife and children. He maintains distance from them and encourages the triangulation between his him, his wife, and his son, because it feels safer for him.He is also triangulated with the television. mend he struggled during his childhood, he had become very successful and well respected as an adult. During the film he stated early in life I developed a will of iron, but Tom used that same will of iron to raise and control his children, and even drove away his own daughter because he refused to accept her choice of a husband because he was Jewish. The main conflicts within the family are that everyone fears Tom and that he pushes everyone away by ritually telling the same stories, bragging about his success, and demonstrate little to no interest in his wife and children.His demanding methods and distant emotions prevent him and his grown ch ildren from being commensurate to love and communicate with each other. The triangulated relationship begins to become evident when Tom and Gene were in the service department and Tom explained that he received Genes letters from California. Genes letters triggered Toms anxiety about him moving away, so he talks to Gene about his mother, trying to transmit the anxiety onto his mothers health and Tom not being able to care for her in Genes absence. If you were to go out there, I mean to live, it would kill your mother. God, you know youre her consentaneous life he said. He makes no statement about what effect it would have on him if Gene moved to California. Tom reinforces Gene as his mothers emotional lifeline because he is distant from both Tom and Margaret and can only work with the other two members by bringing in a gage person. When Gene spoke to his mother about it, she confirmed the triangulation and asked him why doesnt your father just admit that it would broken in him? If I had this family in therapy, I would start with creating a genogram, because I feel thats the least intrusive way to get a holistic picture of the family and help me understand multigenerational patterns. I would try to join the family by asking questions to get everyone on board, such as Do you want to continue to react to him in ways that keep conflict going, or would you rather feel more in charge of your life? to help build an environment conducive to movement and change, and ask the family to role play so that I could see and intervene with how they interact with one another.If the wife was still alive, the goal would be to bring the husband and wife into a closer relationship to prevent the triangulation from continuing. If the wife had already passed then the goal would be to help the remaining three in the family talk about the role of the mother and come up with rules for boundaries so that expectations could be clear and they would have a better understanding of thems elves. At the end of the mental picture Gene and Toms relationship was very strained, because they didnt have the support of the mother anymore and they were left to deal with their relationship with each other as it was, without her help.When Gene asked Tom to move with him to California, Tom became angry, seeming to feel a same No one cares about me, Im just the money making machine. He refused to go and felt woebegone that Gene had even asked. If Tom had changed his response to Genes proposal to move to California then it could have staidly impacted the future of the family because Tom and Gene didnt speak very much until he died. Tom could have asked Gene to tell him more about it, to invite a conversation, rather than to receive Genes suggestion as an attack toward his quality as a father.Or if Tom saw his sons invitation as gesture of softheartedness and had considered moving to California, the quality of their relationship would have likely improved. The story I Never S ang For My acquire was touching and easily-personalized. Most families have difficulties trying to attain or maintain an adult relationship with ones parents. The relationship parent-child changes when the child grows into an adult and the child feels more empowered. Tom did not entertain the idea of Gene intent more empowered as an adult, he treated him more like a child because it helped his ego.I felt angry at the father, seeing him as impossible, ignorant, and stubborn, but its important for me to note that its imperative that Im certain that is my opinion based on projection from past experiences, and that some may become angry with the son for not confronting his father sooner. Keeping these biases in mind is helpful so that I remain indifferent during family therapy and I look at the family from a systems perspective, not a hes right and shes wrong perspective. I strike with this story because Im an only child and I was triangulated with my parents for a while before my dad passed away.My dad cute to be the good guy, so he would always go up to my mom to tell her to bring up me for doing something, losing something, or anything. This was because my father didnt feel secure enough in himself to be able to scold me and know that we would still have a solid relationship. So in sanctify to make up for his halt of not being able to give me instructions, he had my mom step in, who was willing to be the mischievously guy, and had her scold me for him. In the end, he needed my mom to help him communicate with me because he had depended on her for so much.This makes me think of how Genes mother was the bridge between Gene and his father, and when she died they were stuck with the relationship that they had. Fortunately, in my family center triangulation, my mother and I had a more solid relationship and could talk about things. This makes me think about my future with my spouse. What luggage will I carry with me from my family life? What will I likely triangulate for? I like to say that I have good communication and I dont see a reason to triangulate, but I dont believe myself because I think that the issue doesnt have to be big in order for triangulation to manifest.After watching this movie, I felt like family therapy looks like an impossible feat. I realized how some(prenominal) eyes are on you all the time when youre in session with a family. I regard that those with social anxiety disorders or therapists who tend to be more introverted dont especially like separate therapy or family therapy. If there is one thing that I take away from this class, its that everything happens for a reason in a family. Everything manifests for a purpose, to serve some function in the family.

Food for Education Improves Girls’ Education the Pakistan Essay

In the last decade, attack to chief(a) pedagogics has alterd significantly in many parts of the valet de chambre (World Bank, 2006). Yet, 77 million children of direct trail day-age, are non in rail and 57 partage of them are womanly childs. Despite everyplace any advances in master(a) archive, significant gender disparities re primary(prenominal) curiously in certain regions, nonably the Arab States, South and watt Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Beyond the primary quill level, the gender inequalities in statement are even much than than significant.In secondary education, only one-third of countries have reached gender parity and women account for 64 percent of the worlds illite direct adults a figure, which has not progressed during the last decade (UNESCO, 2007). Girls education is affected by a variety of factors relating some(prenominal) to the demand and supply side of information gender-stereotyped curricula and teaching practices, teach infrastruct ure not adapted to the needs of girls (lack of separate toilets, naturalize fencing, girls boarding facilities, etc.) risks for girls risk-freety on the way to and at school (girls being abducted, at risk of rape at school) or negative socio-cultural practices (early marriage, let loose opinion given to education of girls). One of the roughly significant obstacles to girls education is the direct and opportunity monetary value of schooling, which affects girls disproportionately. Girls from light households register very low levels of school completion in many countries (B becomes, Mingat, and Rakotomalala 2003).In India, for example, a mull found that, amongst poor girls, less than 10 percent had completed elementary education (grade 8), compared to 85 percent of rich boys (15-19 twelve months age group). didacticsal advance of girls was consistently lower than for boys across all income groups (Filmer 1999). query from Guinea concluded that Family income or wealth is a key variable that explains differences in educational opportunities and growth between families. Poverty in a family will have a more detrimental found upon the decision to enrol a girl in school than boys (Tembon and Al-Samarrai 1997).This is linked to the fact that girls spend a significant amount of their beat on work, particularly internal chores and plain labour. Their child work make for parents, and thus the opportunity approach of their schooling, are thus greater than for boys. A survey in blue India found that girls responsibility for domestic labour and for sibling care was by far the most important reason for not get tearing them to school or for their dropping out (The PROBE team 1999).A view from Bangladesh came to the by-line conclusion Normally, a campestral Bangladeshi woman works 10-14 hours a day, though most of this work is not visible or reflected in national statistics. The need to perform domestic chores to help their mothers impedes girls par ticipation in formal education, forcing them into irregular attendance and/or to leave school (UNESCO 1998). In addition, there is state that direct educational be are higher for girls than for boys, for example because girls need safe transport to school or better school clothing to look decent (Herz and Sperling 2004).Where women and girls have low societal status, poor parents are often more reluctant to invest their meagre resources into the education of girls earlier than that of their sons. diet for direction (FFE) political platforms school feeding (school meals or snacks) and, particularly, the provision of bear off-home food rations (THRs) have turn up to be an effective means of quotationing these obstacles, enrolling more girls in school, keeping them enrolled, and enhancing their adulthood wellbeing and productivity as a result.In this paper we reappraisal the rationale behind FFE, particularly of THRs in supporting gate to educationfor girls and summarise t he findings on the effectiveness of THR computer create by mental acts available in the published literature. We then complement the evidence with a case sight on a FFE programme in Pakistan designed to support girls education. Cost-effectiveness is underlying to policy-making on achieving gender equality in education to date, however, there are very a couple of(prenominal) studies that assess the costs and cost-effectiveness of FFE programmes. The Pakistan case study attempts to fill this gap by analysing the costs and benefits of the girls education programme. 2 create by mental act Description FFE programmes are widespread in developing and higher income countries.In 2005 the UN World nutriment Programme supported FFE programmes in 74 countries, benefiting almost 22 million students of whom 48 percent girls. most 3 million girls bring forthd dry, take-home food rations in support of their education. Take-home food rations typically consist of food commodities that are of high value to families and part of their standard food basket, such as cereals or vegetable oil. They are distributed periodic or quarterly sometimes, the distribution time is in addition targeted to the agricultural lean season, when family food supplies are lowest and little food available on the local markets. recognise of the food ration is physical bodyal upon the students regular attendance in the case of WFP-supported FFE programmes, for example, a minimum of 80 percent monthly attendance rate is required. This helps to ensure that students dont erect enrol but actually attend school regularly. FFE interpellations are generally designed to improve school participation amongst poor, susceptible, food unsettled populations and target areas where access to school and school completion are weak, particularly for girls.The risk of not accessing and/or completing primary school, a form of educational vulnerability anchored at bottom a context of poverty and food insecurit y, may be used to describe the common feature article shared by the children targeted by FFE. This idea reflects the reality that household choices regarding education are often a result of complex decision processes, where poverty and hunger play an important role in find the schooling expirations (Dreze and Kingdon, 2001). As we have seen above, these factors are particularly significant in the case of girls education..In a general model of FFE (WFP, 2007), the initial emergence that drives accession school participation is the incentive to the household to send children to school. Generally, the incentive is achieved by way of an income transfer to the family of the student and also with an enhancement of the services provided at school (Bergeron & Del Rosso, 2001). FFE also has an incentive effect on learners actually wanting to go to school to receive some food, rather than staying at home and missing out. Both of these effects will contribute to shift, in the short-term , a households decision towards change magnitude schooling.The effects are most significant amongst poorest populations and where education, including girls education, is not well established. human body 1 summarises the main impact theory for THRs and traces the causal links between inputs and the desired educational outcome of change magnitude access, promotion and completion for primary school children, particularly girls. Food for culture (FFE) programmes providing take-home rations are more suitable to target individual students such as girls and less complex to implement than stodgy school meal programmes that require substantial investments both in terms of infrastructure and residential district inputs.For instance, THRs in the form of 4 litre vegetable oil cans are fairly easy to store and distribute, and THR distributions take place only once per month or less. More important, however, take-home food rations provide a more direct, higher value income transfer to fami lies than school meals, which in turn provide the incentive for outgrowthd school participation. From this perspective, THRs provide an immediate, income based benefit, and another long-term benefit stemming from the returns to increase education, serving as both protective and promotive amicable protection (Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler, 2004).On the other hand, THR are not suitable to address nutritional and health issues affecting school children and their education, particularly cognitive capacity, which is a well established outcome of school meals (Kristjansson et al. , 2007). 3 MDG 2&3 Improved attendance Food Take-home rations distributed on condition of pupils regular attendance Targeted HHs received THRs on condition of their childrens regular attendance Incentive for HHs cut nap drop-out Increased enrolment Better academic performance Changing parents military strength regarding schooling.Figure 1 Food for Education impact theory for take-home rations Impact of FFE pr ogrammes on girls education Evaluations of FFE programmes (see Adelman et al. , 2006) have shown that FFE programmes lead to increased enrolment and attendance, of girls in particular, reduced dropout particularly in the lower primary school grades, and for on-site meals or snacks programmes improved student larn capacity. Literature databases were searched to identify relevant studies on the physical and social benefits of FFE programmes to girls.The educational outcomes considered included school participation (including enrolment, attendance and drop-out). main(a) school age children were the primary subjects of all the studies considered. only one study was found on the impact of THR programmes highlighting the gap in evidence on this topic. Another paper was found on the comparative effects of the different modalities of FFE including THRs. One field-oriented evaluation of a WFP FFE programme was also identified in Pakistan and this is included in the main body of this paper as a case study.In Bangladesh, IFPRI and the World Bank evaluated the impact of a Government FFE programme (Ahmed and Del Ninno, 2002) that cover over 2 million children in 2000. The enrolment in FFE programme schools was found to have increased by 35 percent over the two year period between the programme break and by and by its first year. This increase was driven by a remarkable 44 percent increase in girls enrolment and by a 28 percent increase for boys. In non-programme schools enrolment increased by 2. 5 percent (5. 4 for girls and 0. 1 for boys) during the same period.Attendance in FFE aid schools was found to be 12 points higher than in non-assisted schools (70 percent compared to 58 percent respectively). Drop-out judge were also found to be 9 points lower in FFE assisted schools than in non-assisted schools (6 percent compared to 15 percent respectively). The overall programme costs were reported to be US$0. 10 per child per day, though no epitome of the costs was pro vided. Another study analysed the comparative effects of the different modalities of FFE, including onsite meals combined with THRs (Gelli, Meir and Espejo, 2007).The results of this study of WFP monitoring and evaluation data showed that the provision of the FFE programme contributed to increasing downright enrollment in WFP-assisted schools by 28 percent for girls and 22 percent for boys in the first year. Enrollment patterns after the first year varied according to the type of FFE program. Where provision of take-home rations for girls was combined with on-site feeding for all pupils, the increase in girls absolute enrollment was Increased access, promotion & completion, particularly for girls 4 sustained at 30 percent after the first year.However, in schools providing on-site feeding alone, the rate of increase in absolute enrollment after the first year reverted to the rates of increase found in the year foregoing to FFE execution of instrument. The provision of take-home ra tions also appeared to reduce the dropout rate of womanly students, particularly in the higher grades. In addition, an analysis of WFP make expenditures in 2005 (Gelli, Al-Shaiba and Espejo, 2007) showed that the average cost of WFP THR programmes was US$29. 94 per child per year, the most pricy of FFE modalities.However, the cost driver for THR was mostly the large volume of food provided (72 percent of total programme costs, compared to 58 percent for school meal programmes). A study by Dreze and Kingdon from 2001 examined the effects of a wide hurtle of determinants of school participation in rural northern India, focusing on school participation as a household decision. Amongst the school quality determinants, it was found that female school participation was slightly 15 percentage points higher when the local school provided a mid-day meal (MDM).Mid-day meals also were found to have a major positive effect on girls grade attainment chances of completing primary education w ere 30 percentage points higher for girls living in a village with MDM. However, the MDM did not affect the enrolment of boys. The study confirmed that female schooling is far more influenced by household economic status than boys schooling parents are not generally opposed to female education but they are reluctant to compensation for it. School meals could make a big difference here by reducing the private costs of schooling. An earlier study found that the noon meal programme in Tamil Nadu in India attracted more girls to attend school and improved the attendance of those already in school (Devadas, 1983). The Pakistan Girls Education Programme selective information on womens participation in education in Pakistan shows low girls primary school straighten out enrolment (59 percent) and female adult literacy rates (35 percent). Although female enrolment is increasing rapidly in all regions, girls participation rates at all levels are lower than that of boys and gender gaps persi st, particularly in rural areas (WFP Pakistan, 2005).Since 1995, WFP has been providing food assistance to support the efforts of the Government of Pakistan (GoP) to improve access, retention and completion of girls primary education in 28 selected food-insecure districts of Pakistan, including seven districts of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). The seven districts within the NWFP of Pakistan were identified by a WFP vulnerability analysis and mapping (VAM) study as being amongst the most food insecure areas in the country. Women and girls in these areas face huge barriers in terms of access to education.At the time when the project started, female literacy in rural areas was only around 10 percent and the primary participation rate of girls less than 30 percent. As a result, a take-home rations programme was introduced within these seven districts with the fair game of increasing enrolment, retention and completion at girls primary schools. In 2005, THRs were provided mont hly to 326,784 girls in 2,697 schools in vulnerable areas within 28 districts in the 5 provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and NWFP.Ration distribution was condition to regular school attendance. The monthly THRs consisted of a 4 litre tin of vegetable oil fortified with vitamin-A, and had an estimated value on the local market of US$5. Implementation Process Under the Country Programme agreement signed by the GoP and WFP, WFP is responsible for providing the commodities for the FFE programme to the port of Karachi. The GoP is responsible for the food distribution to the 28 districts, as well as the management of the timely speech communication of the food in good condition from all the district warehouses to the assisted schools.Project Implementation Units (PIUs) were set up by the GoP in each assisted province to run the FFE programme. WFP provided a small truck for each district at the beginning of the project to facilitate the logistics and im plementation. However, because of the very difficult terrain in the targeted low profile districts of NWFP, ensuring a timely 5 supply of the THRS to the schools has been challenging. As a result, many schools received the oil supply every second month or even later. tho two oil tins at the most, are distributed to a student to cover the back-log of non-supply during the previous period. At the school level, the head teacher generally receives the oil rations and supervises the distribution to the pupils, conditional to monthly attendance rates of at least 80 percent. The entitlement of each student is checked against the school monthly attendance registers before the THR is distributed. The territory Officers Education & Deputy or associate District Officers also pay monitoring visits to the schools and verify this aspect.Programme costs Project expenditure data was reviewed in order to estimate the costs of the FFE programme. WFP reports annually on project expenditures, alongsi de other project statistics, in its standard project reports (SPRs). Expenditures are broken down into commodity, transport, landside transport shipping and handling (LTSH), other direct operational costs (ODOC), direct support costs (DSC) which added together form the direct project costs (DPC). A percentage of the DPC is then factored in as indirect support costs (ISC) to support WFP Headquarters. dining table 1 presents a breakdown of total WFP expenditures in the country in 2005 alongside an estimate of the expenditure on the FFE programme, broken down by WFP cost category. Table 1 2005 WFP total and estimated FFE expenditures in Pakistan Country Programme Total WFP Country Programme expenditures (USD) 11,667,043 970,358 0 90,856 621,934 874,879 14,225,070 Estimated school feeding expenditure (USD) 6,133,819 510,155 0 47,767 326,975 459,958 7,478,673 % FFE over total expenditures 82% 7% 0% 1% 4% 6% 100%.Commodities Transport LTSH ODOC DSC ISC Total Regarding the political sym pathies contributions to the programme, the 2005 expenditures for each of the PIUs, divided into direct and indirect expenditures, are shown in Table 2Table 1. Direct expenditures have been divided into two parts i. e. (i) PIUs expenses which include cater salaries, renting of stores/warehouses, and other running expenses and (ii) the Transportation Cost incurred on the transportation of oil from Karachi to respective districts/tehsils/schools. confirmatory expenditures include the expenditures (adjusted by proportion of time spent on programme activities) of other staff members of presidency who manage the FFE programme i. e. distribute oil, monitor its distribution and send reports to PIUs from Districts / tehsils / schools level whose salaries are not supercharged to PIUs. These staff members include the Executive District Officers, District Education Officers (Female), Deputy District Education Officers, Assistant Education Officers, Store keepers, School Teachers and Peons e tc.These expenditures have been calculated by WFP Pakistan based on estimates following discussions with each respective PIU. As the entire FFE programme is managed by the provincial governments, PIU expenditures include all cost items required to deliver and manage the FFE programme. In 2005, school feeding activities accounted for 53 percent of food distributed in the whole WFP Country Programme. There were no further expenses incurred by the community in the running of the FFE programme. 6.Table 2 A breakdown of GoP budgeted expenses in 2004/2005 for FFE (THR) activities PIU Provinces Punjab Sindh Balochistan AJK* NWFP Total PKR 328,568 6,444,556 7,612,000 1,162,000 3,306,300 18,853,424 Direct Expenditures Transportation US$ PKR US$ 5,569 109,230 129,017 19,695 56,039 319,550 9,004,158 2,490,927 1,778,225 6,678,000 3,495,000 23,446,310 152,613 42,219 30,139 113,186 59,237 397,395 verifying Expenditures PKR 22,984,227 23,795,400 20,183,829 25,194,939 92,158,395 US$ 389,563 403,31 2 342,099 427,033 1,562,007 PKR 32,316,953 32,730,883 29,574,054 7,840,000 31,996,239 134,458,129 Total US$ 547,745 554,761 501,255 132,881 542,309 2,278,951.Having collected estimates for the different costs that are associated with the FFE programme, from the procurement of food down to the distribution of the THRs to the school girls, we estimated the total cost of FFE in Pakistan for 2005. WFP and GoP contributions for 2005 total $9,757,624 USD, and dividing this by the number of beneficiaries resulted in $29. 85 USD per school-girl per year. In 2005 in Pakistan, food costs accounted for approximately 63 percent of the total cost.The share of WFP expenses over the total cost was 77 percent, with the remaining share covered by the GoP. The cost per beneficiary increases to $63 USD per child per year if we adjust for full food distribution to all the planned beneficiaries, and assume absolute attendance. Key outcomes and Impact.In 2004-2005, a set of surveys were carried out to a ssess educational and other socioeconomic programme outcomes (WFP Pakistan, 2005). The evaluation included the collection and analysis of detailed school-level records from all the 826 WFP-assisted schools and a set of 79 every which way selected non-assisted schools ( reign) in the region. A secondary study of the available literature (GoP, WFP, and other partners) and data was also undertaken, including an analysis of data from the Education Management Information System (EMIS) and in-depth interviews with various partners involved such as government, WFP officials, community members, parents, teachers and students.The evaluation showed that the programme had multiple benefits for girls education The overall enrolment at sampled schools increased by cxxxv percent between 1998/99 and 2003/04, whereas during the same period enrolment at control school increased by only 29 percent. There was a particularly strong increase in enrolment in the first grade of primary school (Kachi clas s) 211 percent at programme schools, compared to 5 percent in control school. This indicates that the programme was particularly prospered in stimulating enrolment of girls who, until then, had never entered a school. On average, 88 percent of students attended school for twenty or more eld per month (and were thus eligible for the take-home ration).Despite the positive effects on enrolment and attendance, completion of primary school remains a problem. Out of every 100 female students enrolling in 1998/99, only 44 percent reached grade 5. Although the primary school completion rate improved to 47 percent for the age bracket starting school in 1999/2000, this only reflected a national trend, and programme schools actually showed worse results than control schools. This shows that the effect of the food incentive is not sufficiently strong to ensure that girls stay in school as they get older, and older girls of the family might be replaced by their younger siblings. 7 The pro gramme also broke new ground and increased awareness of girls education.Before the programme started, 48 percent of households did not send any of their daughters to school now all parents educate at least one daughter. age 38 percent of respondents said that the food incentive was the only reason for move their daughter to school, 29 percent they would continue educating their daughters even if the programme stopped. 27 percent said that general hostility to girls education in the community was no longer an issue. The food incentive was much appreciated by the families and provided them with conspicuous benefits. 32 percent of community members interviewed said that their income had increased, generating savings in the family budget and that they had more free time for agricultural activities or business.Costs and benefits of the FFE programme A basic framework was developed by WFP in order to evaluate the cost and benefits of the FFE intervention designed to support girls educa tion (Espejo et al. , 2006). In this model, the benefits from FFE are assume to consist of two components the first is the monetary value of expected lifetime additional earnings after successful completion of primary school, whilst the second is the market value of a monthly take-home ration, provided on condition to a girls school attendance throughout the programme duration. If we apply this cost-benefit framework to the FFE programme in Pakistan the results show that every USD spent on the FFE yields approximately 1. 68 USD in benefits.An alternative to estimating the benefits of education through the monetary value of expected lifetime additional earnings after successful completion of primary school is to estimate the extra school days gained through the effect of a particular intervention aimed at increasing school participation. Comparisons of actual pupil attendance days to the perfect attendance day total can provide a single measure of school participation that encompass es enrolment, drop-out and absenteeism, the three main educational outcomes linked to FFE.A simple model developed to estimate the gain in pupil attendance days in FFE schools using averages for attendance, drop-out and enrolment resulted in an estimated 25 extra school days per child per year (WFP, 2007). This translates into approximately $240 USD per additional year of schooling for girls in Pakistan. The cost and effects of the THR programme are summarised in Table 3.Table 3 Estimated measures of cost-effectiveness of THRs in Pakistan (Source WFP Pakistan 2005, WFP SSFS 2003). Enrolment Effect (per year) Cost 22% increase Education Attendance 10% increase Drop-out 5% decrease 25 extra school days per year per pupil 30-60 USD per child per year Lessons learnt Of all the programmes initiated in NWFP, this one has made the most visible impact.It has contributed a lot in this province Fazle Manan, Director of Schools and Literacy from the Ministry of Education, when asked of WFPs as sistance to girls primary education. The FFE programme triggered a marked increase in enrolment of girls in assisted schools in Pakistan. The enrolment more than doubled during the first three years of intervention.These types of incentives and awareness campaigns are imperative to boost girls education, to improve female literacy and reduce the gender gap, especially in remote rural areas. However, the retention of girl students in the school system and further improvement of the participation rate is essential to achieve universal primary education. 8 As a result of the increased enrolment, the nearly empty school buildings have become more used, providing a better return of investment to the community and the government. However, the quality of education, itself a major incentive for sending children to school, has been constrained by the lack of teachers.Moreover, many of the assisted schools suffer from a want of adequate facilities, including furniture, water, sanitation, and termination walls. This issue highlights the need to ensure that once children are in school, efforts are made to enhance the learning environment, as well as to support pupil attendance and retention. The involvement of the community and the local government has been essential to mobilise the resources necessary for improving the school infrastructure. The FFE project has raised the awareness among the assisted communities about the importance of educating girls. Even the most reluctant parents are now sending their daughters to school.This change in attitude is a remarkable achievement against the backdrop of the social and cultural taboos that had prohibited the education of girls in the past. The mothers of the girl students now get out of their homes and visit schools to enquire about the progress of their daughters. Most of the females in widespread rural areas were previously not allowed to step outside their homes now girls are going to schools and their elderly female rel atives visit schools to enquire about the attendance, progress in studies and probable dates of supply of oil. This change in social attitude and behaviour is an important achievement of the programme. Future plans The impact of the THR programme in supporting access to education for girls in rural, food insecure areas of Pakistan has been remarkable.Though WFP was involved in the design, management and implementation the FFE intervention, the self-possession of the overall programme was, through the course of the programme, handed over to the Government of Pakistan. As of 2005, project implementation units staffed with senior level Government officials took-over the full responsibility of the programme in terms of food delivery to schools, programme monitoring and reporting. 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